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Philip the Tetrarch
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Philip the Tetrarch
Philip the Tetrarch (c. 26 BCE – 34 CE), was the son of Herod the Great and his fifth wife, Cleopatra of Jerusalem. As a tetrarch, i.e. ruler over one of the four unequal parts into which his father's kingdom was divided, namely the northeastern one, he maintained his rule from Herod's death in 4 BCE until his own in 34 CE. This arrangement is known as the Herodian tetrarchy, all four heirs remaining client rulers of Rome, like Herod himself. The other three were his half-brothers Herod Antipas and Herod Archelaus, and his aunt Salome I. He is not the same person as Herod the Younger, whom some writers call Herod Philip I. To distinguish the two, he is called Herod Philip II by some writers (see "Naming convention").
Philip ruled territories which the Gospel of Luke lists as Iturea and Trachonitis and Flavius Josephus lists as Gaulanitis, Trachonitis and Paneas as well as Batanea, Trachonitis, Auranitis, and "a certain part of what is called the House of Zenodorus".
As the capital of his tetrarchy, Philip rebuilt the city of Caesarea Philippi, calling it by his own name to distinguish it from the Caesarea on the sea-coast.
Philip married Salome, also a member of the Herodian dynasty. This Salome is usually identified as the daughter of Philip's niece Herodias and his brother Herod the Younger. This Salome appears in the Bible in connection with the beheading of John the Baptist.
However, there would have great difference in their ages: Salome was born ca. 14 CE, at which time Herod Philip was 39 years old. Hence, some scholars[who?] supposed that Philip was married to another Salome, his own half-sister by that same name, a daughter of Herod the Great and his 8th wife Elpis.[citation needed] This Salome was born c. 14 BCE, and so only twelve years younger than Herod Philip (a more realistic age gap)[according to whom?]. But this would also be the only known occurrence of the children of Herod the Great intermarrying, even if from different mothers. Marriages to first cousins and uncles, however, were relatively common in the Herodian dynasty.
Kokkinos, on the other hand, argues that Philip never married any Salome but rather Herodias (who had earlier divorced her first husband, Herod the Younger, and supposedly only later went on to marry Herod Antipas) and that the traditional reading of these marriages were due to a mistake by Josephus.[p. 266-267]
There is no contemporary evidence for Philip the Tetrarch's use of the name "Herod Philip" (Greek: Ἡρώδης Φίλιππος, Hērōdēs Philippos) as a dynastic title, as did occur with his brothers Herod Antipas and Herod Archelaus.[p. 222-223]; [266][page needed][clarification needed] Neither Josephus nor the gospels (Matthew 14:3, Mark 6:17, Luke 3:1) preface Philip's name by the dynastic name "Herod".
This conventional naming ultimately derives from references to the first husband of Herodias (whom she later divorced to marry his brother, Herod Antipas). While Josephus calls him "Herod", the gospels of Matthew and Mark call him "Philip". Some authors combined the names "Herod" and "Philip" to form the conventional name "Herod Philip (I)". While this was intended to distinguish him from Philip the Tetrarch, the latter subsequently was also called "Herod Philip (II)", with numerals again distinguishing the two. Kokkinos calls the convention a "stubborn insistence" and "without any value".[p. 222-223]; [266]
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Philip the Tetrarch
Philip the Tetrarch (c. 26 BCE – 34 CE), was the son of Herod the Great and his fifth wife, Cleopatra of Jerusalem. As a tetrarch, i.e. ruler over one of the four unequal parts into which his father's kingdom was divided, namely the northeastern one, he maintained his rule from Herod's death in 4 BCE until his own in 34 CE. This arrangement is known as the Herodian tetrarchy, all four heirs remaining client rulers of Rome, like Herod himself. The other three were his half-brothers Herod Antipas and Herod Archelaus, and his aunt Salome I. He is not the same person as Herod the Younger, whom some writers call Herod Philip I. To distinguish the two, he is called Herod Philip II by some writers (see "Naming convention").
Philip ruled territories which the Gospel of Luke lists as Iturea and Trachonitis and Flavius Josephus lists as Gaulanitis, Trachonitis and Paneas as well as Batanea, Trachonitis, Auranitis, and "a certain part of what is called the House of Zenodorus".
As the capital of his tetrarchy, Philip rebuilt the city of Caesarea Philippi, calling it by his own name to distinguish it from the Caesarea on the sea-coast.
Philip married Salome, also a member of the Herodian dynasty. This Salome is usually identified as the daughter of Philip's niece Herodias and his brother Herod the Younger. This Salome appears in the Bible in connection with the beheading of John the Baptist.
However, there would have great difference in their ages: Salome was born ca. 14 CE, at which time Herod Philip was 39 years old. Hence, some scholars[who?] supposed that Philip was married to another Salome, his own half-sister by that same name, a daughter of Herod the Great and his 8th wife Elpis.[citation needed] This Salome was born c. 14 BCE, and so only twelve years younger than Herod Philip (a more realistic age gap)[according to whom?]. But this would also be the only known occurrence of the children of Herod the Great intermarrying, even if from different mothers. Marriages to first cousins and uncles, however, were relatively common in the Herodian dynasty.
Kokkinos, on the other hand, argues that Philip never married any Salome but rather Herodias (who had earlier divorced her first husband, Herod the Younger, and supposedly only later went on to marry Herod Antipas) and that the traditional reading of these marriages were due to a mistake by Josephus.[p. 266-267]
There is no contemporary evidence for Philip the Tetrarch's use of the name "Herod Philip" (Greek: Ἡρώδης Φίλιππος, Hērōdēs Philippos) as a dynastic title, as did occur with his brothers Herod Antipas and Herod Archelaus.[p. 222-223]; [266][page needed][clarification needed] Neither Josephus nor the gospels (Matthew 14:3, Mark 6:17, Luke 3:1) preface Philip's name by the dynastic name "Herod".
This conventional naming ultimately derives from references to the first husband of Herodias (whom she later divorced to marry his brother, Herod Antipas). While Josephus calls him "Herod", the gospels of Matthew and Mark call him "Philip". Some authors combined the names "Herod" and "Philip" to form the conventional name "Herod Philip (I)". While this was intended to distinguish him from Philip the Tetrarch, the latter subsequently was also called "Herod Philip (II)", with numerals again distinguishing the two. Kokkinos calls the convention a "stubborn insistence" and "without any value".[p. 222-223]; [266]
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