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Pinus brutia
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Pinus brutia
Pinus brutia, commonly known as the Turkish pine and Calabrian pine, is a species of pine native to the eastern Mediterranean region. The bulk of its range is in Turkey, but certain varieties are naturalized as far east as Afghanistan. It is also known as East Mediterranean pine, Afghan pine, and Brutia pine. The name "Calabrian pine" comes from an introduced grove in the Calabria region of southern Italy; historically this region was called Bruttium, which is likely where the specific epithet "brutia" comes from. Pinus brutia bears many similarities with other, closely related species such as Pinus halepensis and Pinus canariensis. Turkish pine forms a species complex with the former.
Pinus brutia is a medium-size tree, reaching 20–35 metres (66–115 feet) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m (3+1⁄2 ft), exceptionally 2 m (6+1⁄2 ft). The young bark is thin and red-orange, maturing to grey-brown to orange in color, fissured to flaky in texture. The leaves are needle-like, slender, 10–16 centimetres (4–6+1⁄4 inches) long, dark green to yellow-green. The needles come in fascicles of two and rarely three, the latter specimens showing similarities in cone structure to the related Pinus canariensis.
The male cones are squat, 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in) long. The female cones are short, with rigid, woody scales, 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) long, 5–7 cm (2.0–2.8 in) broad, maturing from green to red-orange. They most often appear in whorls of 3 to 4, and generally open within two years of fertilization. The seeds are usually wind dispersed, dropping from the cones after they open, but some trees have been observed with cones that do not open enough to facilitate wind dispersal. Frankis believes Krüper's nuthatch assists these trees in dispersal.
Pinus brutia is closely related to Pinus halepensis, and female P. brutia cones have been shown to accept and hybridize with P. halepensis pollen. In the past it has been considered a variety or subspecies of P. halepensis. The species is now treated as distinct, and forms a species complex across the Mediterranean with P. halepensis.
Italian botanist Michele Tenore described the species in 1811. While Tenore did not provide an explanation for the specific epithet, Frankis believes Tenore named it after the historical region of Brutium, now Calabria, where an introduced population has become naturalized.
The bulk of its range is in Turkey, but it also extends to southeasternmost Bulgaria, the East Aegean Islands of Aegean Sea, Crete, Crimea, Iran, Georgia, Azerbaijan, northern Iraq, western Syria, Lebanon and Cyprus. It generally occurs at low altitudes, mostly from sea level to 600 m (2,000 ft), up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the south of its range.[citation needed]
Pinus brutia is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class Pinetea halepensis.
The Krüper's nuthatch, a rare nuthatch, is largely restricted to forests of Turkish pine and depends heavily on it for feeding; the ranges of the two species are largely coincident.[citation needed]
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Pinus brutia
Pinus brutia, commonly known as the Turkish pine and Calabrian pine, is a species of pine native to the eastern Mediterranean region. The bulk of its range is in Turkey, but certain varieties are naturalized as far east as Afghanistan. It is also known as East Mediterranean pine, Afghan pine, and Brutia pine. The name "Calabrian pine" comes from an introduced grove in the Calabria region of southern Italy; historically this region was called Bruttium, which is likely where the specific epithet "brutia" comes from. Pinus brutia bears many similarities with other, closely related species such as Pinus halepensis and Pinus canariensis. Turkish pine forms a species complex with the former.
Pinus brutia is a medium-size tree, reaching 20–35 metres (66–115 feet) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m (3+1⁄2 ft), exceptionally 2 m (6+1⁄2 ft). The young bark is thin and red-orange, maturing to grey-brown to orange in color, fissured to flaky in texture. The leaves are needle-like, slender, 10–16 centimetres (4–6+1⁄4 inches) long, dark green to yellow-green. The needles come in fascicles of two and rarely three, the latter specimens showing similarities in cone structure to the related Pinus canariensis.
The male cones are squat, 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in) long. The female cones are short, with rigid, woody scales, 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) long, 5–7 cm (2.0–2.8 in) broad, maturing from green to red-orange. They most often appear in whorls of 3 to 4, and generally open within two years of fertilization. The seeds are usually wind dispersed, dropping from the cones after they open, but some trees have been observed with cones that do not open enough to facilitate wind dispersal. Frankis believes Krüper's nuthatch assists these trees in dispersal.
Pinus brutia is closely related to Pinus halepensis, and female P. brutia cones have been shown to accept and hybridize with P. halepensis pollen. In the past it has been considered a variety or subspecies of P. halepensis. The species is now treated as distinct, and forms a species complex across the Mediterranean with P. halepensis.
Italian botanist Michele Tenore described the species in 1811. While Tenore did not provide an explanation for the specific epithet, Frankis believes Tenore named it after the historical region of Brutium, now Calabria, where an introduced population has become naturalized.
The bulk of its range is in Turkey, but it also extends to southeasternmost Bulgaria, the East Aegean Islands of Aegean Sea, Crete, Crimea, Iran, Georgia, Azerbaijan, northern Iraq, western Syria, Lebanon and Cyprus. It generally occurs at low altitudes, mostly from sea level to 600 m (2,000 ft), up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the south of its range.[citation needed]
Pinus brutia is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class Pinetea halepensis.
The Krüper's nuthatch, a rare nuthatch, is largely restricted to forests of Turkish pine and depends heavily on it for feeding; the ranges of the two species are largely coincident.[citation needed]
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