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Pithamagan
Film poster
Directed byBala
Written byBala
Produced byV. A. Durai
Starring
CinematographyBalasubrahmannyam
Edited bySuresh Urs
Music byIlaiyaraaja
Production
company
Release date
  • 24 October 2003 (2003-10-24)
Running time
158 minutes
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil

Pithamagan (transl. Son of Ancestors) is a 2003 Indian Tamil-language action crime drama film written and directed by Bala. The film stars Vikram, Suriya, Laila and Sangeetha, with Karunaas, Manobala and Mahadevan in supporting roles. In the film, a man raised in a graveyard with no understanding of the world forms a bond with a con artist.

Pithamagan was released on 24 October 2003. The film became a success and Vikram won numerous accolades for his performance, including the National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. It was remade in Kannada as Anatharu (2007).

Plot

[edit]

An anonymous woman dies while giving birth in a graveyard. Her child, Chithan, is found and raised by the caretaker of the graveyard. Chithan grows up among corpses with minimal human contact and is seemingly autistic. He growls, runs like a beast, but seems to understand loyalty and is a social animal. He ventures into a town in search of food and gets into trouble as he does not understand the concept of money. He is rescued by Gomathi, a petty marijuana dealer. She sees his ability to be loyal and enrolls him into the service of her employer Sekar Vasudevan, a large scale marijuana grower. Chithan is caught during a drug raid and arrested.

Sakthi is a con artist. He gets into trouble when he cons a woman named Manju into losing all her personal effects in a game of dice. Sakthi gets sent to jail thanks to Manju's detective work. He meets Chithan in prison and starts protecting him out of sympathy and pity. Chithan starts to reciprocate to Sakthi's kindness with blind loyalty.

Sakthi serves his term and then clashes with Sekar to get Chithan released from jail. Chithan gets out but commits a crime when he obeys his master's instruction to burn the body of a murder victim. Sakthi, realising that Chithan is being used as accessory in crimes that he cannot comprehend, prevents Chithan from going back to working in the marijuana fields. At the same time, a budding romance starts between Sakthi and Manju, and Chithan too starts to see a shared spirit in Gomathi.

The police catches wind of the murder and arrests Chithan. Sakthi gets Chithan to side with the police as an informant. Sekar later attacks and kills Sakthi and dumps his body in the middle of the road. Chithan does not understand that Sakthi is dead and zones out when everyone surrounds him. While Gomathi, Manju, and the others are crying, Gomathi sees Chithan's confusion as indifference and angrily drives him away from Sakthi's body.

Chithan slowly starts to understand that Sakthi is dead as he sees him on the funeral pyre. His realisation is complete when he wakes up in the morning next to the burnt remains of Sakthi's corpse. He experiences emotions that he has never experienced before: fury, agony, betrayal, and pain that he has never felt, and decides to take revenge on Sekar.

Chithan sets fire to the marijuana fields, lets Sekar experience the pain of his loss, and then sets upon destroying him physically. He drives him through the street, taking his time by breaking a few bones at a time until he is done toying with him. He then kills Sekar by biting his neck, and with nothing left to lose, leaves the village.

Cast

[edit]
Opening credits[1]

Production

[edit]

After Nandhaa (2001), Bala announced his next project Pithamagan with Vikram and Suriya, the main lead actors of his previous films who received popularity after struggle. For Gomathy's role, Bala selected Rasika P. Mani after considering Vijayashanti, Malavika and Gayatri Jayaraman and also changed her name back to Sangeetha.[3] Mahadevan and Ganja Karuppu (credited as Sivagangai Karuppu) made their Tamil debut with this film.[a] Most of the film was shot in Theni district.[4]

Music

[edit]

The soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.[5][6] The song "Piraiye Piraiye" is set in Pantuvarali raga.[7] R. Rangaraj of Chennai Online wrote, "The maestro has not failed his fans. Although the music is not of the racy, peppy variety, it is bound to do well due to the different approach in terms of mood and tone. It is not often that one has to compose songs to be shot on a Vettiyan. Like a Phoenix rishing from the ashes, Ilayaraja too rises to the occasion".[8]

Track listing
No.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length
1."Adadaa Aghangaara Arakka Kaigalil"Mu. MethaK. J. Yesudas04:38
2."Aruna Runaam"  06:39
3."Elangaathu Veesudhey"Palani BharathiSriram Parthasarathy, Shreya Ghoshal06:10
4."Elangaathu Veesudhey" (solo)Palani BharathiSriram Parthasarathy06:10
5."Kodi Yethi Vaippom"Na. MuthukumarBhavatharini, Shanmugasundari, Periya Karuppa Thevar, Harish Raghavendra04:08
6."Piraiye Piraiye"VaaliMadhu Balakrishnan04:41
7."Yaaradhu Yaaradhu"Na. MuthukumarIlaiyaraaja 
Total length:32:26

Release

[edit]

Pithamagan was released on 24 October 2003, coinciding with Diwali. The film released alongside Vijay's Thirumalai, Ajith's Anjaneya and Arjun's Ottran.[9]

Critical reception

[edit]

The film received critical acclaim with praise for the story, direction, screenplay and performances of Vikram, Surya, Laila and Sangeetha. Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu praised Vikram as "Without any dialogue to support him he carves a niche for himself in the viewer's mind with his expressions and excellent body language" and Suriya as "Who would have thought that this young man, pitted against the serious Chithan, would prove so perfect a foil?" going on to declare the movie as "..a symphony on celluloid".[10] A reviewer at Sify noted, "..it is the expert performance of the lead actors that elevate the film above the commonplace".[11]

Film critic Baradwaj Rangan remarked, "Bala's ingeniousness is evident everywhere .... And he gets tremendous support from his leads...It all adds up to a first-rate film that excoriates as much as it entertains".[12] Malini Mannath wrote in Chennai Online, "It's an off-beat, sensitive and a serious film, which may lack in commercial ingredients but which a discerning viewer will find a welcome change".[13] Visual Dasan of Kalki praised the performances of lead actors, Bala's direction, also praising Balasubramaniam's cinematography and Ilaiyaraaja's music for working equally hard with director and concluded Pithamagan is not Vikram and Surya film, it is Bala's unique work.[14]

Accolades

[edit]
Award Date of ceremony[b] Category Nominee(s) Ref.
National Film Awards 2 February 2005 Best Actor in a Leading Role Vikram [15]
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards c. 2006 Best Actor Vikram [16]
Best Actress Laila
Best Character Artiste (Female) Sangeetha
Filmfare Awards South 12 June 2004 Best Film – Tamil Pithamagan [17]
[18]
Best Director – Tamil Bala
Best Actor – Tamil Vikram
Best Actress – Tamil Laila
Best Supporting Actor – Tamil Suriya
Best Supporting Actress – Tamil Sangeetha
CineMAA Awards 5 November 2004 South India's Best Actor Vikram [19]

Other versions

[edit]

Pithamagan was dubbed into Telugu and released as Siva Putrudu (transl. The son of Shiva) on 2 April 2004.[20] The film was remade in Kannada as Anatharu (2007), with Mahedevan reprising his role.[21][22] In October 2011, it was reported that Satish Kaushik bought the Hindi remake rights of the film.[23] Later, it was reported that he wanted Salman Khan to reprise Vikram's role. However the project failed to materialise.[24][25]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Pithamagan

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Pithamagan is a Indian Tamil-language action written and directed by Bala in his third directorial venture, starring Vikram in the lead role as Chittan, a young man raised in isolation in a after his mother's , who later navigates the criminal upon befriending a conman played by . The film, adapted from the short story Nandhavanathil Oru Aandi by noted Tamil writer , explores themes of human connection, redemption, and the harsh realities of marginalised lives through Chittan's transformation from a speechless outcast to a key member of a . Released on 24 October , it features supporting performances by Laila as Manju and Sangeetha as Gomathi, with composing the score and Suresh Urs handling the editing. Produced by V. A. Durai, Pithamagan marked a departure for Bala following his earlier gritty dramas Nandha (2001) and Sethu (1999), emphasizing raw, location-based shooting in rural to capture authentic visuals of desolation and camaraderie. The narrative unfolds across settings like graveyards, farms, and cells, highlighting the protagonists' unlikely bond amid escalating conflicts with and rival gangs. Vikram's portrayal of the near-silent Chittan, relying heavily on physicality and minimal , was lauded for its intensity, while Suriya's charismatic depiction of the street-smart Sakthi added emotional depth to their friendship dynamic. The film's soundtrack became a commercial , blending folk elements with Ilaiyaraaja's signature orchestration. Critically acclaimed upon release, Pithamagan earned an 8.3/10 rating on from over 8,200 users (as of November 2025) and a 79% approval on , praised for its bold storytelling and performances that transcended conventional tropes. It achieved strong box-office performance, grossing significantly in and establishing both lead actors as major stars, with Suriya's role propelling his career trajectory. The film secured multiple accolades, including the for Vikram in 2004, recognizing his demanding and nuanced performance, alongside wins for for Laila at the and . Bala himself received a – Tamil, contributing to the film's total of 10 wins and one nomination across prestigious ceremonies. Over the years, Pithamagan has been regarded as a in , influencing remakes and inspiring discussions on outsider narratives in Indian films, with rights acquired for a Hindi adaptation in 2012 by producer . Its 20th anniversary in 2023 reaffirmed its enduring legacy, celebrated for blending raw with thrilling elements in a way that remains resonant.

Synopsis and Characters

Plot

The film opens with the birth of Chithan in a remote ground, where his mother dies shortly after delivery, leaving the to be raised by the elderly caretaker of the site. Growing up in complete isolation amid the dead, Chithan develops instincts, communicating through grunts and growls rather than speech, and exhibiting unwavering once a bond forms, while remaining oblivious to societal norms and human emotions. His existence revolves around assisting with rites, embodying profound themes of isolation and primal survival in a rural, death-haunted world. As an adult, Chithan ventures out in search of food, gets into trouble with locals as he does not understand the concept of , drawing the attention of Gomathi, a compassionate petty dealer. Gomathi intervenes, offering him shelter and at a run by a ruthless producer, marking Chithan's first exposure to communal living and rudimentary human connections. This rural simplicity begins to clash with emerging criminal elements, as the serves as a front for illegal drug operations, pulling Chithan into the . A leads to Chithan's and , where he encounters Sakthi, a charismatic serving time for swindling. Despite initial wariness, a deep bond forms between the two: Sakthi, recognizing Chithan's innocence and strength, becomes his protector and guide, teaching him basic and fostering a brotherly that transforms Chithan's stony demeanor. Vikram's portrayal of Chithan captures this quiet, animalistic evolution with raw intensity. Upon release, Sakthi attempts to shield Chithan from further crime, but circumstances draw them into a ragtag group of outcasts, including Sakthi's romantic interest , escalating their involvement in the drug trade and rival conflicts. Central tensions arise from Chithan's shift from feral innocence to impulsive violence, triggered by betrayals within the group and rivalries with the farm's domineering leader, while Sakthi's cunning navigates the perils of their urban-tinged criminal life. Interpersonal dynamics intensify through Sakthi's budding romance with Manju, a resilient woman entangled in the underworld, and Chithan's subtle attachment to Gomathi, highlighting contrasts between loyalty and deception. The narrative weaves themes of primal instincts clashing with moral complexities, as the protagonists' rural roots collide with the brutal realities of crime, underscoring the fragility of newfound humanity amid escalating dangers.

Cast

The ensemble cast of Pithamagan features prominent actors in roles that emphasize the film's exploration of outcasts and criminal underbelly, contributing to its raw, realistic tone. Vikram leads as Chithan, a young man raised in isolation among the dead, whose lack of social norms drives much of the narrative's emotional core. portrays (Sakthi), a hardened who draws Chithan into a world of crime and camaraderie, serving as the story's anchor for themes of loyalty and transformation. Laila plays , Sakthi's devoted partner, adding layers of tenderness amid the violence, while Sangeetha embodies Gomathi, a resilient figure in the smuggling operations who highlights the perils faced by those on the fringes.
ActorRoleCharacter Significance
VikramChithanFeral outcast raised in a graveyard, symbolizing untamed and emotional awakening.
SuriyaSakthivel (Sakthi)Ruthless yet protective who mentors Chithan, representing the pull of brotherhood in a lawless life.
LailaManjuSakthi's love interest, providing emotional grounding and vulnerability in the male-dominated criminal world.
SangeethaGomathiAssociate in the drug trade, underscoring the shared hardships and moral ambiguities of the ensemble.
KarunasKaruvayanComic sidekick in the gang, offering levity while illustrating group dynamics among small-time crooks.
ManobalaSakthi's uncleElder family figure, briefly tying Sakthi's backstory to themes of and fate.
MahadevanDrug lord in the smuggling ring, embodying the ruthless hierarchy that threatens the protagonists.
SimranSpecial appearanceBrief role enhancing a key emotional sequence, amplifying the film's intimate relationships.
The casting reflects the film's commitment to gritty realism, with established stars like Vikram and taking on deglamorized parts far removed from commercial tropes to authentically depict marginalized lives. Vikram's physical transformation—adopting a gaunt, unkempt appearance with minimal dialogue—intensifies Chithan's otherworldly detachment, aligning the performance with the character's plot-driven evolution from isolation to fleeting connections.

Production

Development

Following the success of his directorial debut Sethu (1999) and second film Nandha (2001), which both received critical acclaim for their raw portrayal of marginalized lives, Bala conceived Pithamagan as his next project. He adapted the script from the short story Nandhavanathil Oru Aandi by Tamil writer Jayakanthan, delving into themes of primal human instincts and the blurred lines between civilization and savagery. This vision shaped the film's unique style, emphasizing authenticity over commercial elements, with Bala aiming to create a narrative that challenged conventional storytelling in Tamil cinema. The casting process highlighted Bala's determination to reunite with actors who could embody complex, unconventional roles. Vikram, who had starred in Sethu, was cast in the lead as Chithan, a man raised among the dead, agreeing to the physically and emotionally demanding dual-shade performance that required minimal dialogue and animalistic mannerisms. Suriya, fresh from his acclaimed turn in Nandha, was selected for the contrasting role of Sakthi, a cunning con artist, after Bala's persistent insistence overcame the actor's initial hesitations about the project's intensity. To complement the film's gritty emotional core, Bala approached veteran composer for the music, whose involvement was crucial in enhancing the raw, folk-infused tone without relying on typical melodic structures. Produced by V. A. Durai under , Pithamagan was mounted on a of approximately ₹13 , reflecting the era's modest scale for non-star-driven dramas. Key creative decisions included prioritizing natural locations in remote rural areas, which posed logistical challenges in securing permissions and logistics, and committing to to capture the unfiltered essence of the story's world. These choices underscored Bala's approach, focusing on realism to amplify the script's exploration of human-animal boundaries.

Filming

Principal photography for Pithamagan took place over approximately six months between late 2002 and early 2003, with the production team focusing on authentic locations to capture the film's raw, rustic essence. The majority of the shooting occurred in the of , where the crew utilized real cremation grounds and nearby forests for the story's central settings, minimizing constructed sets to heighten realism. Urban sequences providing contrast were filmed in , while a key portion involving a train journey was shot over 10 consecutive days aboard an actual train, as recalled by actress Laila. The outdoor shoots presented logistical challenges, including unpredictable weather in the forested and rural areas of , which delayed schedules and required adaptive planning. For scenes portraying the feral behavior of Chithan (played by Vikram), the team collaborated with animal handlers to ensure safe and realistic execution of the character's wild interactions. Vikram prepared rigorously for the role through intense physical training to achieve a rugged physique and by immersing himself in isolation, drawing from observations of graveyard workers to authentically convey the character's reclusive nature. Cinematographer Balasubramaniem employed handheld cameras to film the film's chaotic and violent sequences, creating a sense of immediacy and intensity that aligned with the narrative's primal tone. The production avoided extensive , opting instead for practical methods in depicting the , which contributed to the film's grounded, visceral impact.

Music

Composition

Ilaiyaraaja composed the music for Pithamagan, as director Bala has long admired the composer's work and collaborated with him on multiple projects. 's background score enhanced the film's emotional narrative. The composition process culminated in recordings during 2003, employing a live to capture the organic depth of the arrangements, as captured in a contemporaneous Sun TV segment where fine-tuned elements on-site. Bala contributed specific guidance on tempo adjustments to synchronize the music with the film's deliberate pacing, prioritizing melodic lines over rhythmic drive to heighten the pervasive melancholy. The overall output features five principal songs integrated with an extensive background score, designed to immerse audiences in the story's somber atmosphere. The background score stands out as predominantly instrumental, incorporating rustic Tamil instruments such as the and —particularly in sequences set amid graveyard motifs—to evoke a haunting, primal resonance. innovatively employed periods of silence alongside ambient natural sounds, fostering tension and underscoring moments of without overt . This approach not only supported the production's vision of unpolished realism but also elevated the auditory landscape to parallel the film's exploration of human fragility.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack of Pithamagan features five songs composed by , blending folk, romantic, and rustic elements to underscore the film's themes of rural life, love, and loss. The lyrics were penned by , , , and , with each track serving a specific purpose in enhancing emotional depth without overpowering the story. Released in 2003 by , the was launched prior to the film's theatrical debut and quickly gained popularity for its authentic Tamil folk influences and Ilaiyaraaja's signature melodic orchestration. The track listing includes the following songs, each contributing to key moments in the narrative:
No.TitleSinger(s)LyricistDurationNarrative Function
1Adadaa Aghangaara Arakka Kaigalil4:51An upbeat folk romance track that captures the vibrant rural celebrations and community bonds early in the story.
2Elangaathu Veesudhey, 6:06A melancholic evoking tender romance, played during the Chittan's evolving relationship with .
3Aruna Runam (with ensemble vocals)Various (medley)6:39A haunting instrumental-vocal piece serving as the title track, blending traditional tunes to reflect themes of ancestry and melancholy.
4Oru Naal PodumTippu, 5:18An upbeat rural anthem highlighting camaraderie and fleeting joys among the characters' daily struggles.
5Piraiye Piraiye5:27An emotional conveying deep longing and sorrow, underscoring moments of personal reflection and .
The album's reception in the music industry was positive, with critics praising its rustic authenticity and 's ability to evoke the film's gritty atmosphere through diverse rhythms; noted that ’s music is outstanding but at times overbearing, enhancing the film's dramatic portions. It achieved commercial success, becoming a staple in Tamil music collections of the early due to its replay value and cultural resonance.

Release and Reception

Theatrical release and

Pithamagan was theatrically released on 24 October 2003 in , coinciding with the festival, and faced competition from other major releases such as and Anjaneya. The film was produced by V. A. Durai under the banner of and distributed domestically through standard Tamil film channels, while international rights were acquired by for markets including the and US. It opened across multiple screens in , contributing to its initial buzz driven by the anticipation around Vikram and Suriya's performances as well as Ilaiyaraaja's soundtrack, which had been launched earlier to generate promotional interest. The film encountered minor issues with the due to its depiction of violence, but received an 'A' (adults only) rating without significant cuts. A dubbed Telugu version titled Sivaputrudu was released on 2 April 2004, capitalizing on the original's reception in . A dubbed version was released in 2020, expanding its reach to northern Indian audiences through television and formats. Produced on a budget of ₹13 , Pithamagan was a commercial success at the domestic , grossing approximately ₹13 in , running for over 100 days in select theaters including . Overseas earnings from screenings in the UK and provided additional revenue; the film's strong word-of-mouth and critical acclaim helped it recover costs over time through re-runs and dubbed releases.

Critical response

Upon its release in 2003, Pithamagan received widespread critical acclaim for its raw portrayal of marginalized lives and emotional depth. Critics praised director Bala's unflinching direction, which masterfully blended gritty realism with poignant character studies, creating a narrative that explored themes of isolation and human connection without resorting to . The film's stylistic energy and magnificent rawness were highlighted as transporting audiences into a vivid world of complex, outcast characters. Vikram's performance as the feral, near-silent protagonist Chittan was particularly lauded for its transformative intensity, conveying profound grief and transformation through minimal dialogue and physicality alone, earning him the National Film Award for Best Actor. Suriya's comedic yet heartfelt portrayal of the conman Sakthi complemented this, with their on-screen chemistry underscoring the film's themes of unlikely brotherhood. Ilaiyaraaja's background score was another standout, described as outstanding for charging the atmosphere during key dramatic sequences, though occasionally overbearing in its intensity. Some reviewers noted criticisms regarding the film's pacing, particularly a slower first half that tested patience before building momentum, and instances of excessive that intensified the grim tone without always advancing the emotional core. Aggregated user ratings reflected strong overall approval, with scoring it 8.3/10 based on over 8,000 votes, indicating enduring appreciation for its bold storytelling. In retrospective analyses as of the 2020s, Pithamagan has been increasingly celebrated for its sharp on marginalization and economic disenfranchisement, positioning it as one of Bala's most searing works on society's outcasts. Modern reviews emphasize its raw depiction of marginalized communities, crediting the film's uncompromising narrative for influencing later Tamil cinema's focus on underrepresented lives.

Accolades

Pithamagan received widespread recognition at major Indian film awards, particularly for its performances, direction, and music. At the 51st National Film Awards for films released in 2003, the film earned the award for Vikram's portrayal of the feral gravedigger Chithan. The film performed strongly at the 51st Filmfare Awards South in 2004, securing five wins: Best Film – Tamil for Pithamagan, Best Actor – Tamil for Vikram, Best Director – Tamil for Bala, Best Supporting Actor – Tamil for , and Best Music Director – Tamil for . Laila won Best Actress – Tamil for her role, while Sangeetha won Best Supporting Actress – Tamil. In the for 2003, Pithamagan was honored as Best Film, with additional wins for Best Director (Bala), (Vikram), and Best Music Director (Ilaiyaraaja). Overall, Pithamagan accumulated over 15 awards across various ceremonies, including nominations for in supporting roles and the screenplay, with most accolades concentrated in 2003–2004 and no significant international festival recognitions verified post-release.

Legacy

Remakes and adaptations

The 2003 Tamil film Pithamagan was dubbed in Telugu as Siva Putrudu and released on April 2, 2004, allowing it to reach audiences in without a full . It was officially remade in as Anatharu in 2007, directed by , with Upendra portraying the feral protagonist Chittan (renamed Rudra) and Darshan in the role equivalent to Shiva, alongside Radhika and ; the adaptation retained the core themes of brotherhood and social outcast life but incorporated elements suited to Kannada commercial cinema. In Hindi, filmmaker Satish Kaushik acquired the remake rights in October 2011, expressing interest in casting in the lead, following his successful adaptation of another Bala film, Sethu, as Tere Naam (2003); further announcements surfaced in February 2019 indicating preparations were underway, but the project remains unrealized as of 2025, having stalled following Kaushik's death on 9 March 2023. No official sequels have been produced.

Cultural impact

Pithamagan has been recognized as a seminal work in for its portrayal of marginalized characters, establishing a template for the "rural crime drama" subgenre that emphasizes raw, unpolished narratives of outcasts and social fringes. Directed by Bala, the film influenced subsequent Tamil productions by blending elements of rural realism with and emotional depth, as seen in Bala's own later films like Naan Kadavul (2009), which continued to explore themes of societal rejection and redemption among the . This stylistic approach, characterized by deglamorized and focus on human suffering, inspired directors to delve into gritty rural-urban transitions, paving the way for films that prioritize character-driven stories over commercial tropes. The film's lead actor Vikram's transformative performance as Chithan, a feral graveyard dweller, significantly elevated his career, propelling him to superstardom in and earning him the National Film Award for Best Actor. Vikram's physical and emotional immersion in the role, including minimal dialogue and animalistic mannerisms, set a benchmark for in the industry, influencing how actors approach complex, non-verbal characters in subsequent dramas. On a societal level, Pithamagan sparked discussions in Tamil media about caste dynamics, , and the impacts of on rural lives, portraying protagonists as ambiguous figures whose low-caste implications are subtly woven into their isolation. Chithan's arc, from a mentally untamed individual raised in isolation to one navigating urban criminality, highlighted themes of emotional alienation and societal discard, resonating in 2010s analyses of marginal existence in and . The film became available on streaming platforms such as around 2020.

References

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  36. https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/satish-kaushik-to-helm-south-film-s-remake/story-SSYPRD6vO3MqoPkYPxdI4I.html
  37. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64913351
  38. https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/too-violent-too-harsh-director-balas-obsession-lifes-darkness-his-undoing-62869
  39. https://www.igi-global.com/viewtitle.aspx?TitleId=257412&isxn=9781799835110
  40. https://indianexpress.com/about/vikram/awards/
  41. https://dokumen.pub/tamil-cinema-in-the-twenty-first-century-caste-gender-and-technology-9780367199012-9780429244025.html
  42. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/76364606.pdf
  43. https://www.justwatch.com/us/movie/pithamagan
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