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Province of Zara
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Province of Zara
The Province of Zara (Italian: Provincia di Zara; Croatian: Zadarska provincija) was a province of the Kingdom of Italy, officially from 1918 to 1947. In 1941 it was enlarged and made part of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia, during World War II, until 1943.
Since the Middle Ages, the city of Zara was populated by Romance-speaking people (the Dalmatian Italians). Until the Treaty of Campo Formio it was the administrative capital of Venetian Dalmatia. Between 1805 and 1810 the city was part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. It would later become the center of Italian irredentism in Dalmatia. In the Austro-Hungarian census of 1910, the city of Zara had an Italian population of 9,318 out of 13,438 inhabitants (69.3 percent). In 1921, the population grew to 17,075 inhabitants, of which 12,075 Italians (70.8 percent). In 1940 Zara had a population of nearly 25,000, of which more than 23,000 were Italians, according to Davide Rodogno and Olinto Mileta.
In 1915 Italy entered World War I under the provisions set in the Treaty of London. In exchange for its participation with the Triple Entente and in the event of victory, Italy was to obtain Austro-Hungarian territory in northern Dalmatia, including Zara, Sebenico and most of the Dalmatian islands. At the end of the war, Italian military forces occupied Dalmatia and seized control of Zara, with Admiral Enrico Millo being appointed Governor of Dalmatia. Italian nationalist poet Gabriele d'Annunzio supported the annexation of Dalmatia, and sailed to Zara in an Italian warship in December 1918.
During 1918, political turmoil in Zara intensified. The dissolution of Austria-Hungary led to the renewal of national conflicts in the city. With the arrival of the Royal Italian Army in the city within the framework of the occupation of the eastern Adriatic on 4 November 1918, the Italian faction (which was the majority in the city) gradually assumed control, a process which was completed on 5 December when it took over the governorship. With the Treaty of Versailles (28 June 1919) Italian claims on Dalmatia contained in the Treaty of London were nullified, but later on the agreements between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Kingdom of Yugoslavia) set in the Treaty of Rapallo (12 November 1920) gave Zara and a small portion of surrounding territory to Italy.
The Zara enclave, a total of 104 square kilometres (40 square miles), included the city of Zara, the hamlets of Boccagnazzo/Bokanjac, Borgo Erizzo/Arbanasi (house to a small Albanian community who had settled there in the eighteenth century), Cerno, and Dicolo/Diklo (a total of 51 km2. of territory and 17,065 inhabitants) and the islands of Lagosta, Cazza and Pelagosa (53 square kilometres (20 square miles), 1,710 inhabitants, nearly all on Lagosta). The territory was organized into Italy's smallest province, with only two municipalities: Zara and Lagosta, and an overall population that never reached 30,000.
Also part of the province was the Albanian island of Saseno, just off the bay of Vlora, which had remained under Italian rule after the Italian withdrawal from Albania in 1920; it became part of the municipality of Lagosta, even though it was over 200 kilometres to its south.
The population of Lagosta, which numbered 1,945 in 1936, was 15 % Italian in 1921, but this had grown to 38 % by the late 1930s, owing to the migration of Italians from other islands and towns in Dalmatia which had become part of Yugoslavia.
Fascist Italy, and other Axis powers, invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941. Zara held a force of 9,000 Italian army soldiers and was one of the starting points of the invasion. The force under the command of General Vittorio Ambrosio easily defeated the collapsing Royal Yugoslav Army in a few days and reached Sebenico and Spalato on April 15, two days before the Yugoslavian surrender. Much of the civilian population of Zara had been previously evacuated to Ancona and Pola. Occupying Mostar and Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian), on April 17 the Zara troops met Italian troops that had started out from Italian Albania.
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Province of Zara
The Province of Zara (Italian: Provincia di Zara; Croatian: Zadarska provincija) was a province of the Kingdom of Italy, officially from 1918 to 1947. In 1941 it was enlarged and made part of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia, during World War II, until 1943.
Since the Middle Ages, the city of Zara was populated by Romance-speaking people (the Dalmatian Italians). Until the Treaty of Campo Formio it was the administrative capital of Venetian Dalmatia. Between 1805 and 1810 the city was part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. It would later become the center of Italian irredentism in Dalmatia. In the Austro-Hungarian census of 1910, the city of Zara had an Italian population of 9,318 out of 13,438 inhabitants (69.3 percent). In 1921, the population grew to 17,075 inhabitants, of which 12,075 Italians (70.8 percent). In 1940 Zara had a population of nearly 25,000, of which more than 23,000 were Italians, according to Davide Rodogno and Olinto Mileta.
In 1915 Italy entered World War I under the provisions set in the Treaty of London. In exchange for its participation with the Triple Entente and in the event of victory, Italy was to obtain Austro-Hungarian territory in northern Dalmatia, including Zara, Sebenico and most of the Dalmatian islands. At the end of the war, Italian military forces occupied Dalmatia and seized control of Zara, with Admiral Enrico Millo being appointed Governor of Dalmatia. Italian nationalist poet Gabriele d'Annunzio supported the annexation of Dalmatia, and sailed to Zara in an Italian warship in December 1918.
During 1918, political turmoil in Zara intensified. The dissolution of Austria-Hungary led to the renewal of national conflicts in the city. With the arrival of the Royal Italian Army in the city within the framework of the occupation of the eastern Adriatic on 4 November 1918, the Italian faction (which was the majority in the city) gradually assumed control, a process which was completed on 5 December when it took over the governorship. With the Treaty of Versailles (28 June 1919) Italian claims on Dalmatia contained in the Treaty of London were nullified, but later on the agreements between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Kingdom of Yugoslavia) set in the Treaty of Rapallo (12 November 1920) gave Zara and a small portion of surrounding territory to Italy.
The Zara enclave, a total of 104 square kilometres (40 square miles), included the city of Zara, the hamlets of Boccagnazzo/Bokanjac, Borgo Erizzo/Arbanasi (house to a small Albanian community who had settled there in the eighteenth century), Cerno, and Dicolo/Diklo (a total of 51 km2. of territory and 17,065 inhabitants) and the islands of Lagosta, Cazza and Pelagosa (53 square kilometres (20 square miles), 1,710 inhabitants, nearly all on Lagosta). The territory was organized into Italy's smallest province, with only two municipalities: Zara and Lagosta, and an overall population that never reached 30,000.
Also part of the province was the Albanian island of Saseno, just off the bay of Vlora, which had remained under Italian rule after the Italian withdrawal from Albania in 1920; it became part of the municipality of Lagosta, even though it was over 200 kilometres to its south.
The population of Lagosta, which numbered 1,945 in 1936, was 15 % Italian in 1921, but this had grown to 38 % by the late 1930s, owing to the migration of Italians from other islands and towns in Dalmatia which had become part of Yugoslavia.
Fascist Italy, and other Axis powers, invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941. Zara held a force of 9,000 Italian army soldiers and was one of the starting points of the invasion. The force under the command of General Vittorio Ambrosio easily defeated the collapsing Royal Yugoslav Army in a few days and reached Sebenico and Spalato on April 15, two days before the Yugoslavian surrender. Much of the civilian population of Zara had been previously evacuated to Ancona and Pola. Occupying Mostar and Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian), on April 17 the Zara troops met Italian troops that had started out from Italian Albania.
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