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Przemyśl dialect
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Przemyśl dialect
The Przemyśl dialect (Polish: gwary przemyskie) belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the southeastern part of Poland. It borders the Biecz dialect to the west, the Lasovia dialect to the northwest, the Eastern Lublin dialect to the northeast, and the Southern Borderlands dialect to the east.
The Przemyska dialect is close physically and linguistically to the Eastern Lublin dialect as well as the Southern Borderlands dialect, sharing less with the nearby Goral dialects. Eastern Slavic, namely Ukrainian, has had a strong influence on this dialect, and is often considered a dialect of the Southern Borderlands dialect group. After World War 2, the population of this region has changed much, with fewer Ukrainians, Lemkos, and Bojkos. Dialectal traits here are generally inconsistent, often with many exceptions.
Typical of Lesser Polish dialects, voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. However, atypical of Lesser Polish dialects, mazuration is not present here.
As in the Lubelszczyzna dialects, unaccented e and o, including those from ę/ą often raise either to é/ó or merge with y (after hard consonants), i (after soft consonants)/u: cepém (cepem), tówary (towary); przyd wybuchym (przed wybuchem), wszyski (wszystkie), ściliłu sie (ścieliło się); mę́czyli (męczyli), sųsiadki (sąsiadki). This feature is inconsistent, and even within one word multiple instances of unaccented e/o may partially raise, fully raise, or not raise. e and o may also sometimes raise before nasal consonants to y/i and u: Bużegu Naródzynia (Bożego Narodzenia), du świncynia (do święcenia), zrubiune (zrobiony). y can rarely front to [ɪ] due to Ukrainian influence. Ablaut is typically retained here: niosę (niosę). -ił, -ył can raise to -uł in Ostrów, przychodziuł (przychodził), djabuł (diabeł). This does not happen in Kalników. Unlike other Lesser Polish dialects, -aj remains -aj here: dzisiaj (dzisiaj). However, -ej often raises to -yj/-ij, usually as the result of being unstressed, and can sometimes further reduce to -y/-i: pracy taki zaróbkowy (pracy takiej zarobkowej). This is also inconsistent, and unreduced forms are more common.
Slanted á is usually merged with a; in the south-west, however, it is sometimes realized as o or retained as á, with Sanok being the furthest extent of this. Slanted é can be raised closer to [e ɪ] or merge with y/i (after soft consonants), and the old clusters ir/yr are retained through analogy, or more commonly é merges with e as in Standard Polish. Slanted ó is raised to u.
ę can often either partially or fully raise to y̨ (after hard consonants) or to į (after soft consonants). ą less commonly raises to ų. Nasal vowels also often decompose, including before sibilants as well as word-finally: wolisz fajken czy kawen (wolisz fajkę czy kawę), proszem paniom (proszę panią), którom (którą). Final -ą may additionally denasalize: chodzo (chodzą). This denasalized -o may further raise to -u: pud kuchniu (pod kuchnią). Finally, nasal vowels may change to eł, oł: soł (są). Final -ę denasalizes to -e. True nasal pronunciation of nasal vowels is rare here.
o and u, both initial and medial, sometimes labialize to ô and û here, but inconsistently. Other forms of initial prothesis before vowels are limited to specific words.
As a result of Ukrainian influence, f and w may rarely be pronounced bilabially as [ɸ β], and sometimes w is voiced after a voiceless consonant, but may also be devoiced. Partial decomposition of soft labials is present here, but more commonly soft labials are pronounced as in the standard. Because of Ukrainian influence, dark ł can be heard here, but also Standard Polish /w/. Similarly, soft l’ can also be heard alongside l: nalieżał (należał), sklep (sklep). In the east, the cluster chy- is often chi-: chiba (chyba). Also as a result of Ukrainian influence, h represents a different phone than ch, that being [ɦ] and [x] respectively. This is a marginal phone, appearing only in a few words. ń can harden before c and cz alongside standard pronunciation as a result of Ukrainian influence: łancuch (łańcuch), konczyć (kończyć). n before k assimilates and becomes [ŋ] across morpheme boundaries. trz, drz sometimes simplify to cz, dż, but more commonly are retained. Many other consonant clusters can be reduced: zmar (zmarł), barsz (barszcz), including kk > k or > tk: mięki, leki; miętki, letki (miękki, lekki). The group kt is often changed to cht: chtoś (ktoś).
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Przemyśl dialect
The Przemyśl dialect (Polish: gwary przemyskie) belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the southeastern part of Poland. It borders the Biecz dialect to the west, the Lasovia dialect to the northwest, the Eastern Lublin dialect to the northeast, and the Southern Borderlands dialect to the east.
The Przemyska dialect is close physically and linguistically to the Eastern Lublin dialect as well as the Southern Borderlands dialect, sharing less with the nearby Goral dialects. Eastern Slavic, namely Ukrainian, has had a strong influence on this dialect, and is often considered a dialect of the Southern Borderlands dialect group. After World War 2, the population of this region has changed much, with fewer Ukrainians, Lemkos, and Bojkos. Dialectal traits here are generally inconsistent, often with many exceptions.
Typical of Lesser Polish dialects, voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. However, atypical of Lesser Polish dialects, mazuration is not present here.
As in the Lubelszczyzna dialects, unaccented e and o, including those from ę/ą often raise either to é/ó or merge with y (after hard consonants), i (after soft consonants)/u: cepém (cepem), tówary (towary); przyd wybuchym (przed wybuchem), wszyski (wszystkie), ściliłu sie (ścieliło się); mę́czyli (męczyli), sųsiadki (sąsiadki). This feature is inconsistent, and even within one word multiple instances of unaccented e/o may partially raise, fully raise, or not raise. e and o may also sometimes raise before nasal consonants to y/i and u: Bużegu Naródzynia (Bożego Narodzenia), du świncynia (do święcenia), zrubiune (zrobiony). y can rarely front to [ɪ] due to Ukrainian influence. Ablaut is typically retained here: niosę (niosę). -ił, -ył can raise to -uł in Ostrów, przychodziuł (przychodził), djabuł (diabeł). This does not happen in Kalników. Unlike other Lesser Polish dialects, -aj remains -aj here: dzisiaj (dzisiaj). However, -ej often raises to -yj/-ij, usually as the result of being unstressed, and can sometimes further reduce to -y/-i: pracy taki zaróbkowy (pracy takiej zarobkowej). This is also inconsistent, and unreduced forms are more common.
Slanted á is usually merged with a; in the south-west, however, it is sometimes realized as o or retained as á, with Sanok being the furthest extent of this. Slanted é can be raised closer to [e ɪ] or merge with y/i (after soft consonants), and the old clusters ir/yr are retained through analogy, or more commonly é merges with e as in Standard Polish. Slanted ó is raised to u.
ę can often either partially or fully raise to y̨ (after hard consonants) or to į (after soft consonants). ą less commonly raises to ų. Nasal vowels also often decompose, including before sibilants as well as word-finally: wolisz fajken czy kawen (wolisz fajkę czy kawę), proszem paniom (proszę panią), którom (którą). Final -ą may additionally denasalize: chodzo (chodzą). This denasalized -o may further raise to -u: pud kuchniu (pod kuchnią). Finally, nasal vowels may change to eł, oł: soł (są). Final -ę denasalizes to -e. True nasal pronunciation of nasal vowels is rare here.
o and u, both initial and medial, sometimes labialize to ô and û here, but inconsistently. Other forms of initial prothesis before vowels are limited to specific words.
As a result of Ukrainian influence, f and w may rarely be pronounced bilabially as [ɸ β], and sometimes w is voiced after a voiceless consonant, but may also be devoiced. Partial decomposition of soft labials is present here, but more commonly soft labials are pronounced as in the standard. Because of Ukrainian influence, dark ł can be heard here, but also Standard Polish /w/. Similarly, soft l’ can also be heard alongside l: nalieżał (należał), sklep (sklep). In the east, the cluster chy- is often chi-: chiba (chyba). Also as a result of Ukrainian influence, h represents a different phone than ch, that being [ɦ] and [x] respectively. This is a marginal phone, appearing only in a few words. ń can harden before c and cz alongside standard pronunciation as a result of Ukrainian influence: łancuch (łańcuch), konczyć (kończyć). n before k assimilates and becomes [ŋ] across morpheme boundaries. trz, drz sometimes simplify to cz, dż, but more commonly are retained. Many other consonant clusters can be reduced: zmar (zmarł), barsz (barszcz), including kk > k or > tk: mięki, leki; miętki, letki (miękki, lekki). The group kt is often changed to cht: chtoś (ktoś).