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Raphael Armattoe
Raphael Armattoe
Raphael Armattoe
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Raphael Ernest Grail Armattoe (12 August 1913 – 22 December 1953) was a Ghanaian scientist and political activist.[1] He was nominated for the 1948 Nobel Peace Prize and was a campaigner for unification of British and French Togoland. He was called by the New York Post "the 'Irishman' from West Africa", and the BBC producer Henry Swanzy referred to him as the "African Paracelsus".[2]

Key Information

Biography

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Early life and education

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Armattoe was born at Keta in the Gold Coast (in what is now the Volta Region of Ghana). He received his early education in Lomé, Togoland before completing his primary education in Denu, Gold Coast. Between 1925 and 1928 he attended secondary school at Mfantsipim School, Cape Coast.[3]

As Togoland changed from German to British and French hands, Armattoe ended up being fluent in German, French and English; whilst also being fluent in Spanish and Portuguese.[3] He also spoke his native Ewe language. He left for Germany in 1930 for further studies, with most of his tertiary education was in Germany and France.

He apparently left Germany for France due to rising Nazism. He continued his studies in anthropology, literature and Medicine at the Sorbonne.[4]

Research, science and medicine

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Armattoe moved to Edinburgh, where he qualified to practice medicine.

He then got a locum job in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and following that worked at the Civil Defence first-aid post in Brooke Park, Derry, between 1939 and 1945. After the Second World War, he opened a medical practice at his home on Northland Road in Derry.[4] He later established and became the director of the Lomeshie Research Centre, named after his mother.

In 1947, he attended the Nobel Prize laureation ceremonies with his friend Erwin Schrödinger, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933, being the only African amongst the thousand intellectuals invited to attend the event in Stockholm.[3] Schrödinger later wrote the foreword for Armattoe's book The Golden Age of West African Civilization. Armattoe later successfully applied for an anthropological research grant worth £3,000 at the time from the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. At the age of just 35 he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1948.[5] The Abochi drug which can cure guinea-worms, toothaches, bronchitis, boils and allied diseases patent was later bought by a prominent Nigerian drug company at the time.[3]

At this stage, he started being more involved with writing and giving talks, especially relating to anthropology. He was described by some who knew him as a marvellous doctor and a good speaker.[6] Through association with international scientific societies he is regarded as one of the very few scientists at the time to understand atomic energy.[3]

Later in 1948 he returned to West Africa, where he conducted research mainly on Ewe physical anthropology but also set up a medical clinic at Kumasi in the Ashanti Region. He also turned his attention to poetry, writing and politics. His first collection of poems was Between the Forest and the Sea (1950). His next collection, Deep Down in the Black Man's Mind, was published in 1954, after his death.[4]

Politics

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Armattoe and Kwame Nkrumah first met at the 1945 Pan-African Congress in Manchester;[7] a conference attended by many future Ghanaians politicians as well as Hastings Banda, Jomo Kenyatta and W. E. B. Du Bois.[8] Though they both favoured independence for the colonies, Nkrumah was centrist while Armattoe was federalist. He joined the Ghana Congress Party rather than Nkrumah's Convention People's Party.[4]

Armattoe maintained contact with Du Bois who partook in his study Testament to Youth.[9][10][11]

He belonged to the Ewe ethnic group, who he sought the unification of its people who were divided by colonial powers between British Togoland, the Gold Coast and French Togoland; he wanted its people united as one Ewe nation-state being active within the Togoland Congress, advocating for Ewe Unification.[4][6]

In 1953, Armattoe addressed the United Nations in New York City regarding Togoland and the "Eweland Question", which Die Welt at the time regarded as one of the most important documents in African history in the 20th century.[3][12]

Family

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His father Glikpo Armattoe was a merchant of Palime, Togoland, who traded mainly with the Germans and also studied local indigenous languages.[13][4] Armattoe was married to Swiss-born Leony Elizabeth Schwartz, who was also known as "Marina". They had two daughters, the elder, Irusia, being born in Derry. Armattoe and his family lived at Kumasi in Ghana until his death.[14]

Death and legacy

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Armattoe fell ill and died in a hospital in Hamburg. His wife reported that he said he had been poisoned by some unknown persons. He had apparently been attacked previously by supporters of Kwame Nkrumah,[4][6] for withholding the cure to swollen shoot unless the government approached him in a respectful manner, having chosen to distance himself from Nkrumah's Government.[3][15]

Inscribed on his gravestone in Hamburg are the words "Africa's Greatest Nationalist".[3]

A blue plaque in his honour was unveiled by the Ulster History Circle at 7 Northland Road, Derry, where Armattoe lived from 1939 to 1945 and carried on his practice as a GP.[16][17]

Publications

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  • Articles, mainly on medical subjects, reprinted from periodicals. ASIN B000WETQ54.
  • Japan's Place in the Sun. 1932
  • Uber Die Heutige Einstellung Der Wissenschaft. 1933
  • Moeurs et Coiturnes Togolaises. 1939
  • The Pattern Youth: An interim report. 1943. ASIN B0007KF9CW.
  • A Dental Survey of the British Isles. 1943. p. 5. ASIN B0007KF9D6.
  • A Racial Survey of the British People ... Lecture. Londonderry Sentinel. 1944. ASIN B000WEXNRQ.
  • The Swiss Contribution to Western Civilization. Dundalk: Dundalgan Press. 1944. ASIN B00408QC0A.
  • Armattoe, Raphael; Gaetano De Gennaro; Erwin Schroedinger; Albert Schweitzer (1945). Homage to Three Great Men: Schweitzer, Schroedinger, De Gennaro. Londonderry Sentinel. ASIN B000WEQ18O.
  • The Golden Age of West African Civilization. The Londonderry Sentinel for the Lomeshie Research Centre. 1946. ASIN B0006EUHIA.
  • Anthropology in Portugal. 1946
  • Armattoe, Raphael (1946). Space, Time, and Race; Or, The Age of Man in America. p. 16. ASIN B0007JLE22.
  • Personal Recollections of the Nobel Laureation Festival of 1947: With an appendix listing all the distinguished guests at the Nobel banquet. Lomeshie Research Centre. 1948. p. 62. ASIN B0007J26WO.
  • Between the Forest and the Sea: Collected Poems. Armattoe. 1950. p. 78. ASIN B0000CHOO0.
  • Selected Correspondence with Men of Science. 1951
  • Anaphylaxis (A medical treatise). 1952
  • Testament to Youth. 1953
  • The Ewes in Eweland. 1954 (An anthropological study)
  • Dawn over Africa. 1954 (Novel)
  • Deep Down in the Black Man's Mind: Poems. Ilfracombe: Alfred H. Stockwell. 1954. p. 112. ASIN B0000CIX8L.
  • Wiegraebe, P.; Raphael Armattoe (1954). Early Ghanaian Poetry. Periodicals Service Company. ISBN 978-0-8115-3039-2. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Raphael Armattoe

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Raphael Ernest Grail Armattoe (August 1913 – 21 December 1953) was a physician and from the Gold Coast region of , known for his medical practice in , scholarly writings on African history and culture, and advocacy for the political unification of Ewe territories. Born to a prominent Ewe family in , Armattoe pursued education across , studying in and before qualifying as a doctor in ; he established a medical practice in Derry, Northern Ireland, from 1939 to 1950, where he became known locally as an "Irishman from West Africa" due to his integration into the community. His anthropological research included studies on blood group distributions among Ewe populations, earning him a grant from the Wenner-Gren Foundation, while his literary output encompassed over 150 articles, the historical text The Golden Age of West African Civilization (1946)—prefaced by physicist —and poetry collections such as Between the Forest and the Sea and Deep Down in the Black Man's Mind. In the political sphere, Armattoe engaged with the Ghana Congress Party and the Joint Togoland Congress, addressing the in 1953 to argue for Eweland's unification amid efforts; his international profile led to a for the in 1949 as a publisher promoting peace and African interests. He died suddenly in at age 40, with unconfirmed allegations of circulating among associates, though no supports foul play over natural causes.

Early Life and Education

Birth and Family Background

Raphael Ernest Grail Armattoe was born on 12 August 1913 in , a coastal town in (now part of Ghana's ). He was born into a prominent family of the Ewe ethnic group, whose traditional lands extended across the former German colony of , partitioned into British and French mandates after . His father, Glikpo Armattoe, was a merchant from Palimé in what became (modern ), reflecting the cross-border ties disrupted by colonial boundaries. The family's status as traders among the Ewe provided Armattoe with early opportunities for education abroad, though details on his mother and siblings remain undocumented in available records.

Formal Education and Training

Armattoe attended in , , for his secondary education, where he was a classmate of , who later became 's . In 1930, following basic schooling in mission institutions in and , he departed for to pursue advanced studies. His higher education encompassed anthropology, literature, and medicine, initially in amid the early rise of , which prompted his relocation. He continued these pursuits in , attending the Sorbonne and . Medical training spanned , , and , culminating in qualification to practice within the from the Royal College of Surgeons of in 1938. This certification enabled his subsequent medical career in the and beyond.

Scientific and Medical Career

Medical Qualifications and Practice

Raphael Armattoe pursued medical training in Europe, studying in , , and Britain before obtaining his medical qualification from the in 1938. Shortly thereafter, he relocated to , where he took up a tenens position in . Following the end of World War II, Armattoe established a private medical practice at his home on Northland Road in Derry, Northern Ireland, commencing operations in 1945. He maintained this practice for approximately five years, during which he provided clinical services to patients in the local community while concurrently engaging in scholarly and advocacy activities. In 1950, Armattoe returned to West Africa to focus on political efforts, effectively concluding his clinical practice in Ireland.

Research on Abochi and Parasitic Diseases

Armattoe's research centered on endemic parasitic and water-borne diseases in , particularly those affecting rural populations in the Gold Coast (modern ) and neighboring regions. Drawing from traditional Ewe herbal knowledge, he investigated plant-based remedies at the Lomeshie Research Centre near , , during field expeditions in the late . His primary contribution was the development of the Abochi drug, formulated from indigenous ingredients such as broomstone leaves and agiri, which targeted helminthic infections including guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis), a debilitating parasite transmitted via contaminated sources. The drug was also applied to fungal conditions like ringworm (Tinea ) and allied ailments such as boils, , and toothaches, with anecdotal reports emphasizing its efficacy in reducing extraction rates for guinea worms, which historically required painful manual removal. Initial trials and applications in the 1940s reportedly curtailed outbreaks, with proponents attributing the prevention of millions of cases across to widespread distribution of Abochi preparations. The Nigerian purchased the in the post-war period for several thousand pounds, facilitating scaled production and rebranding under the same name for campaigns against parasitic epidemics. Armattoe presented findings on the drug's mechanisms—likely involving properties from the plant extracts—in 1949, though detailed pharmacological analyses remain undocumented in contemporary peer-reviewed literature. This work built on empirical observations rather than controlled clinical studies, reflecting the era's constraints in colonial , where laboratory resources were limited and traditional informed modern adaptations. While popular accounts credit Abochi with transformative impacts, independent verification is scarce, as Armattoe's publications primarily appeared in regional outlets rather than international journals. Claims of a 1948 Nobel Prize nomination in or for this research circulate widely but appear unsubstantiated; archival records confirm a 1949 in the category, possibly recognizing broader humanitarian efforts in control. The absence of surviving clinical data underscores challenges in evaluating efficacy, yet the drug's adoption in national programs suggests practical utility against parasites unresponsive to imported Western treatments at the time.

Anthropological and Other Scientific Pursuits

Armattoe conducted anthropological research centered on the Ewe ethnic group, with a particular emphasis on physical , including the mapping of blood group distributions. In 1948, he obtained a £3,000 grant from the Wenner-Gren Foundation for to support a six-month field expedition back to . This funding enabled studies that yielded published papers on Ewe physical characteristics and the application of traditional herbal remedies. His ethnological interests prompted the founding of the Lomoshie Research Centre, which served as a base for broader investigations into West African cultural and historical dynamics. Through this institution, Armattoe published The Golden Age of West African Civilization in 1946, a 116-page work exploring pre-colonial achievements, prefaced by physicist . Beyond core , Armattoe examined indigenous herbal practices in , , and amassed specimens of African for potential pharmaceutical evaluation, though these initiatives did not result in identifiable publications. He presented key findings from his Ewe research in 1949, integrating anthropological data with physiological observations.

Literary Contributions

Poetry and Multilingual Writings

Armattoe published his first poetry collection, Between the Forest and the Sea, in 1950, featuring verses that drew on his West African heritage and experiences of cultural transition. The volume included reflective pieces such as "The Lonely Soul," which contemplates universal isolation amid personal detachment, portraying the speaker's as both intimate and emblematic of broader disconnection. Another poem, "The Way I Would Like to Die," expresses a preference for a sudden, youthful end in an air crash, evoking themes of vitality cut short against the backdrop of and natural freshness. His second collection, Deep Down the Blackman's Mind: Poems, appeared in , exploring introspective and sociocultural motifs rooted in African identity and colonial encounters. Published by , the work gained recognition among scholars of for its candid examination of psychological depths and racial consciousness. Armattoe's poetry, overall, blended personal narrative with broader existential inquiries, maintaining a formal yet accessible style influenced by his scientific precision. Beyond English-language poetry, Armattoe's multilingual proficiency—encompassing fluency in French, German, Ewe, Spanish, and —enabled him to produce and publish writings across linguistic boundaries, reflecting his upbringing in a region straddling British and . He authored works in French and German, contributing to a rare corpus of early in European tongues beyond English, though specific poetic outputs in these languages remain less documented than his English collections. This versatility underscored his role as a polyglot intellectual bridging African oral traditions with Western literary forms.

Key Publications and Themes

Armattoe's key literary publications consist of two English-language poetry collections: Between the Forest and the Sea (1950), a 78-page volume issued by the Lomeshie Research Centre, and Deep Down in the Black Man's Mind (1954), comprising 112 pages published by . These represent his entry into during his late thirties, after establishing himself in , and remain subjects of study in for their vernacular insights into West African experience. Recurring themes include ardent pride in African history and familial ties, tempered by acute despair over corrupt emergent leaders and the alienating forces of . Poems often juxtapose ancestral reverence with critiques of contemporary disillusionment, as seen in reflections on personal and collective loss. Individual works like "The Lonely Soul" extend this to universal motifs of isolation, portraying as a shared yet piercing affliction amid societal fragmentation. His proficiency in Ewe alongside French, German, and English facilitated multilingual output, though surviving poetic texts predominantly appear in English, underscoring his adaptation of Western forms to convey indigenous perspectives.

Political Activism

Campaign for Ewe and Unification

Armattoe became a prominent for the unification of and , seeking to reunite the mandates divided by colonial borders after and thereby consolidate the Ewe ethnic group across a single . He joined the Joint Togoland Congress (JTC), a political body formed to oppose the integration of with the Gold Coast Colony (later ) and instead promote the re-unification of the two Togolands under a structure. This stance aligned him against Nkrumah's , which favored annexation, and positioned him within the Ghana Congress Party as well during the pre-independence era. In 1953, as accelerated under trusteeship, Armattoe represented the JTC at the in New York, addressing the Fourth Committee during its 367th meeting on the "Ewe and Togoland unification problem." His testimony emphasized the cultural and historical unity of the , arguing against partition's artificial divisions and advocating for 's independence as a distinct entity rather than absorption into neighboring territories. This intervention highlighted the "Eweland question," framing unification as essential to prevent ethnic fragmentation amid impending plebiscites. Armattoe's campaign ultimately failed to achieve its aims; he died on December 21, 1953, en route back from the UN via , before the 1956 plebiscite in , where voters opted by a narrow margin to join the Gold Coast upon its independence as , solidifying the border division. His efforts, however, underscored early post-colonial resistance to imposed boundaries and ethnic separatism in .

Involvement in Ghanaian Politics and Anti-Corruption Efforts

Upon returning to in 1950, Armattoe established a medical clinic in and engaged in pre-independence politics, aligning with opposition forces against Kwame Nkrumah's (CPP). In 1952, he joined the newly formed Ghana Congress Party (GCP), led by figures such as Justice and K.A. Busia, which emerged in response to widespread allegations of corruption and authoritarian tendencies within the CPP. Armattoe's participation in the GCP reflected his advocacy for over Nkrumah's centralist model, positioning him as a of the CPP's practices, including financial improprieties that fueled public discontent. The party's platform implicitly challenged CPP dominance by highlighting these issues, though Armattoe did not lead specific anti-corruption initiatives documented beyond his oppositional stance. His political activities intensified amid rising tensions, culminating in his address to the in 1953, where broader regional concerns intersected with domestic critiques of centralized power. This involvement underscored his commitment to principled , though it drew enmity from Nkrumah's supporters.

Personal Life

Family and Relationships

Raphael Armattoe was born on August 12, 1913, into a prominent Ewe family in Denu, then part of (now in Ghana's ), with his father, Glikpo Armattoe, being a merchant from Palime, . While pursuing medical studies in during the 1930s, Armattoe met and married Leonie Schwartz, a Swiss woman who later adopted the name ; the couple relocated together to , where he completed his medical qualifications, and subsequently to Derry, [Northern Ireland](/page/Northern Ireland), in 1939. Armattoe and his wife had two daughters, with the elder, Irusia, born in Edinburgh during their time there in the early 1940s; the family resided in Derry until 1950, when they departed for Kumasi, Ghana. No other marriages or significant relationships are documented in available records, though Armattoe's peripatetic life across Europe, Ireland, and Africa suggests potential informal ties unverified by primary sources.

Residence and Integration in Ireland

After qualifying as a medical practitioner in , Armattoe secured a position in , , before being appointed to the Post in Brooke Park, Derry, in the early 1940s. He established a residence and private medical practice at 7 Northland Road in Derry, where he treated patients from his home during and after , remaining there until 1950. This period marked over a decade of his professional life in , during which he balanced clinical work with anthropological research, importing botanical specimens from for study in Ireland. Armattoe's integration into Derry's community was evident in his public engagements, including lectures on African anthropology and readings that drew local audiences, fostering exchange in a predominantly homogeneous society of the . Contemporaries noted his affable demeanor and contributions to local discourse, earning him the moniker "the 'Irishman' from " in a 1953 New York Post profile, reflecting his adoption of Irish cultural norms while advocating for African causes. His family life further intertwined with ; by 1953, his eldest daughter, Irusia, was enrolled in a in , prompting visits to the . In 1950, Armattoe relocated his family to , Gold Coast (now ), to establish a medical amid his growing political commitments, though his Irish ties persisted through subsequent travels and the enduring local recognition of his work, such as a blue plaque unveiled at his former Derry residence in by the History Circle. This legacy underscores his successful navigation of immigrant challenges in mid-20th-century , where empirical accounts from regional biographies highlight professional acceptance over documented barriers.

Death and Legacy

Circumstances of Death

Dr. Raphael Ernest Grail Armattoe died on 21 December 1953 at the age of 40 in a hospital in , , after falling ill while en route from to . He had been traveling aboard a ship when symptoms appeared, leading to his hospitalization upon docking. No official was publicly confirmed, though medical treatment in failed to save him. Armattoe's wife, who was awaiting his arrival in , later reported that he had claimed to be poisoned by unknown persons before his death, fueling suspicions of foul play amid his political and scientific prominence. This remains unverified, with no documented evidence of from or investigation records, though it has persisted in biographical accounts of his abrupt end. His passing occurred shortly after continued advocacy for Ewe unification and anti-corruption efforts in , but no direct links to adversaries were established.

Scientific and Political Impact

Armattoe's research into the abochi remedy, a traditional African treatment, focused on its application against human parasites, including guinea worm, ringworm, and water-borne infections prevalent in West Africa during the 1940s. This work, which integrated local herbal knowledge with clinical observation, earned him a nomination for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948, highlighting the potential of indigenous medicines in combating tropical diseases amid limited colonial-era pharmaceutical access. While the remedy's widespread adoption reportedly alleviated suffering in affected regions, its long-term integration into modern pharmacology remains limited, underscoring challenges in validating and scaling traditional therapies. In politics, Armattoe's activism centered on Ewe unification and the restoration of as a single entity divided by colonial mandates, influencing debates through his participation in the 1945 and leadership in the Joint Togoland Congress. His 1953 address to a commission on the "Eweland question" amplified calls for , though ultimately integrated with the Gold Coast () in 1957 while became independent , partially frustrating unification goals. This earned him a 1949 nomination, recognizing his non-violent advocacy for ethnic cohesion amid partition legacies. Posthumously, Armattoe's dual legacy as a bridge between ethnomedicine and global science, and as a voice for regional , persists in commemorations like the 2012 Ulster History Circle plaque in Derry, where he practiced , affirming his contributions to integration despite his early death at age 40. His efforts prefigured broader Pan-African and anti-colonial movements, though institutional barriers, including skepticism toward non-Western innovations, may have curtailed fuller recognition.

Recognition, Nominations, and Oversights

Armattoe was nominated for the 1949 by members of the parliaments of , , and the , recognizing his campaigns for the unification of British and and related peace advocacy. The nomination, however, did not advance him to the shortlist, with the prize ultimately awarded to for his work on food distribution and famine prevention. His scientific endeavors, particularly research demonstrating the efficacy of the Abochi plant extract against guinea worm disease () and other parasitic infections, received acclaim in medical and anthropological circles, with biographical accounts crediting the treatment with saving millions of lives across in the 1940s through its application against water-borne ailments like boils, , and worm infestations. Armattoe presented these findings internationally in 1949, earning nicknames such as "the Irishman from West Africa" from the and "African Paracelsus" from BBC broadcaster Henry Swanzy, reflecting appreciation for his integration of traditional remedies with modern analysis. He also participated as a panellist at the Cultural and Scientific for World Peace in New York, highlighting his dual scientific and political profile. Despite these accolades, significant oversights marked Armattoe's legacy. His Abochi research, while impactful in local African contexts, saw limited integration into global pharmaceutical frameworks, with no evidence of widespread Western patenting or clinical trials, potentially due to biases against indigenous knowledge and his non-European institutional affiliations. Claims of a separate nomination for the in Physiology or Medicine in 1948 persist in secondary sources but lack corroboration in official Nobel archives, underscoring a pattern of underattribution for his breakthroughs. Politically, his advocacy for Ewe unification was sidelined by post-colonial partitions, integrating British Togoland into without addressing cross-border ethnic ties he championed. His opposition to Kwame Nkrumah's amid corruption allegations further marginalized his influence in Ghanaian . Recognition remained localized to , where he resided, with broader scientific and political impacts only revisited in recent initiatives, such as Derry's 2024 "hidden history" . Armattoe's death at age 40 in 1953 truncated potential for further honors, leaving his contributions disproportionately obscure relative to their documented causal effects on and regional stability.

References

  1. https://historyireland.com/r-e-g-armattoe-the-irishman-from-west-africa/
  2. http://www.newulsterbiography.co.uk/index.php/home/viewperson/1865
  3. https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=262
  4. https://nwmf.org.uk/black-history-month-stories-raphael-armattoe-the-ghanaian-doctor-who-made-his-home-in-derry/
  5. https://ulsterhistorycircle.org.uk/dr-ernest-grail-armattoe/
  6. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Africa-s-1st-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Nominee-The-Ghanaian-scientist-who-saved-Nigerians-from-ringworms-1992500
  7. https://voltaregion.org/raphael-armattoe-ghanas-1949-nobel-peace-prize-nominee-whose-disease-cure-guide-saved-millions/
  8. https://www.modernghana.com/news/422961/ulster-honours-famous-ghanaian-scientist.html
  9. https://www.medindia.net/medicine-art-literature/raphael-armattoe-10.htm
  10. https://www.suvera.com/black-in-healthcare
  11. https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/new-blue-plaque-honours-african-doctors-work-in-derry/28747425.html
  12. https://kentakepage.com/dr-raphael-armattoe/
  13. https://www.facebook.com/blackstarofafrica/posts/dr-raphael-armattoe-renowned-ghanaian-doctor-who-discovered-the-abochi-drugrapha/1150447843116368/
  14. https://museums-ioj.org.jm/lets-talk-history/
  15. https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/search.php?prize=0&startyear=1901&endyear=1965&offset=16450
  16. https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/story-derry-doctor-acclaimed-scientist-30271250
  17. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Golden_Age_of_West_African_Civilizat.html?id=lftlQgAACAAJ
  18. https://hiddengems.localhistory.ie/wp-content/uploads/derry-armattoe.pdf
  19. https://historywiki.therai.org.uk/index.php?title=Raphael_Ernest_Grail_Armattoe&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile
  20. https://poemanalysis.com/raphael-armattoe/the-lonely-soul/
  21. http://africaverse.blogspot.com/2017/02/the-way-i-would-like-to-die-reg-armattoe.html
  22. https://books.google.com/books/about/Deep_Down_the_Blackman_s_Mind.html?id=oYDLRwuONF4C
  23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24345349
  24. https://books.google.com/books/about/Between_the_Forest_and_the_Sea_Collected.html?id=sVwiGwAACAAJ
  25. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/west-african-poetry/ladies-and-gentlemen/87667F027B814CA5EB4EE8B439D98372
  26. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4068155
  27. https://face2faceafrica.com/article/raphael-armattoe-ghanas-1949-nobel-peace-prize-nominee-whose-disease-cure-guide-saved-millions
  28. https://www.thecable.ng/at-the-death-of-meteors/
  29. http://ulsterhistorycircle.blogspot.com/2012/10/blue-plaque-for-dr-raphael-ernest-grail.html
  30. http://ulsterhistorycircle.blogspot.com/2012/09/blue-plaque-for-physician.html
  31. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/death-oh-death-and-the-death-of-meteors/
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