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A player from Texas High School crosses the goal line with the ball during a game against Highland Park High School to score a rushing touchdown worth six points.
Vince Young of the Texas Longhorns (ball carrier in top center) rushing for a touchdown. A portion of the end zone is seen as the dark strip at the bottom. The vertical yellow bar is part of the goal post.

A touchdown (abbreviated as TD[1]) is a scoring play in gridiron football. Scoring a touchdown grants the team that scored it 6 points. Whether running, passing, returning a kickoff or punt, or recovering a turnover, a team scores a touchdown by advancing the football into the opponent's end zone. More specifically, a touchdown is when a player is in possession of the ball, any part of the ball is in the end zone they are attacking, and the player is not down.

Because of the speed at which football happens, it is often hard for an official to make the correct call based on their vantage point alone. Most professional football leagues, such as the National Football League (NFL) and the Canadian Football League (CFL), as well as some college leagues, such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), allow certain types of plays to be reviewed. Among these plays are touchdowns, as well as all other scoring plays, dangerous or unsportsmanlike conduct by players or staff, out-of-bounds calls, the place on the field where the official spots the ball after a play, and turnovers. Coaches can also challenge calls, provided they are made during a play eligible to be reviewed; the only exception is during periods of the game where coaches' challenges are restricted, such as the last two minutes of each half. The NFL and CFL review all scoring plays and turnovers regardless of whether the call was questionable, and therefore do not allow coaches to challenge those plays, either. The NCAA allows Division I FBS teams to review plays throughout the regular season and postseason, while Division I FCS teams can only use it during the playoffs, Division II teams only during the quarterfinals, semifinals, and championship game, and Division III teams only during the semifinals and championship game.[2]

In American football and Canadian football, a touchdown is worth six points and is followed by an extra point or two-point conversion attempt.

Description

[edit]

To score a touchdown, one team must take the football into the opposing team's end zone. In all gridiron codes, the touchdown is scored the instant the ball touches or "breaks" the plane of the front of the goal line (that is, if any part of the ball is in the space on, above, or across the goal line) while in the possession of a player whose team is trying to score in that end zone. This particular requirement of the touchdown differs from other sports in which points are scored by moving a ball or equivalent object into a goal where the whole of the relevant object must cross the whole of the goal line for a score to be awarded. The play is dead and the touchdown scored the moment the ball touches plane in possession of a player, or the moment the ball comes into possession of an offensive player in the end zone (having established possession by controlling the ball and having one or both feet depending on the rules of the league or another part of the body, excluding the hands, touch the ground). The slightest part of the ball touching or being directly over the goal line is sufficient for a touchdown to score. However, only the ball counts, not a player's helmet, foot, or any other part of the body. Touching one of the pylons at either end of the goal line with the ball constitutes "breaking the plane" as well.

Touchdowns are usually scored by the offense by running or passing the ball. The former is called a rushing touchdown, and in the latter, the quarterback throws a touchdown pass or passing touchdown to the receiver, who either catches the ball in the field of play and advances it into the end zone, or catches it while already being within the boundaries of the end zone; the result is a touchdown reception or touchdown catch. However, the defense can also score a touchdown if they have recovered a fumble or made an interception and return it to the opposing end zone. Special teams can score a touchdown on a kickoff or punt return, or on a return after a missed or blocked field goal attempt or blocked punt. In short, any play in which a player legally carries any part of the ball over or across the opponent's goal line scores a touchdown, as is any play in which a player legally gains possession of the ball while it is on or across his opponent's goal line and both the player and ball are legally in-bounds - beyond this, the manner in which he gained possession is inconsequential. In the NFL, a touchdown may be awarded by the referee as a penalty for a "palpably unfair act", such as a player coming off the bench during a play and tackling a runner who would otherwise have scored.[3]

A touchdown celebration

A touchdown is worth six points. The scoring team is also awarded the opportunity for an extra point or a two-point conversion.[4] Afterwards, the team that scored the touchdown kicks off to the opposing team, if there is any time left in the half. In most codes, a conversion is not attempted if the touchdown ended the game and the conversion cannot affect the outcome.

The officials' hand signal for a touchdown is both arms extended vertically above the head, with palms facing inward—the same signal used for a field goal or conversion.[5]

Unlike a try scored in rugby, and contrary to the event's name, the ball does not need to touch the ground when the player and the ball are inside the end zone. The term touchdown is a holdover from gridiron's early days when the ball was required to be touched to the ground as in rugby, as rugby and gridiron were still extremely similar sports at this point. This rule was changed to the modern-day iteration in 1889.

History

[edit]

When the first uniform rules for American football were enacted by the newly formed Intercollegiate Football Association following the 1876 Rugby season, a touchdown required touching the ball to the ground past the goal line, and counted for 1⁄4 of a kicked goal (except in the case of a tie) and allowed the offense the chance to kick for goal by placekick or dropkick from a spot along a line perpendicular to the goal line and passing through the point where the ball was touched down, or through a process known as a "punt-out", where the attacking team would kick the ball from the point where it was touched down to a teammate. If the teammate could fair catch the ball, he could follow with a try for goal from the spot of the catch, or resume play as normal (in an attempt to touch down the ball in a spot more advantageous for kicking). The governing rule at the time read: "A match shall be decided by a majority of touchdowns. A goal shall be equal to four touchdowns; but in case of a tie a goal kicked from a touchdown shall take precedence over four touchdowns."[6]

  • In 1881, the rules were modified so that a goal kicked from a touchdown took precedence over a goal kicked from the field in breaking ties.[6]
  • In 1882, four touchdowns were determined to take precedence over a goal kicked from the field. Two safeties were equivalent to a touchdown.[6]
  • In 1883, points were introduced to football, and a touchdown counted as two points. A goal after a touchdown counted as four points.[6]
  • In 1884, a touchdown scored four points and a goal after touchdown two points, a reversal from the previous year.[7]
  • In 1889, the provision requiring the ball to actually be touched to the ground was removed. A touchdown was now scored by possessing the ball beyond the goal line.[6][8]
  • In 1898, the touchdown scored five points, and the goal after touchdown added another point - hence the current terminology: "extra point".[9][10][11][12] The year of this change has also been given as 1897.[6]
  • In 1900, the definition of touchdown was changed to include situations where the ball becomes dead on or above the goal line.[6]
  • In 1912, the value of a touchdown was increased to six points. The end zone was also added. Before the addition of the end zone, forward passes caught beyond the goal line resulted in a loss of possession and a touchback.[6] The increase from five points to six did not come until much later in Canada, and the touchdown remained only five points there until 1956. In addition, the score continued to commonly be called a try in Canada until the second half of the twentieth century.

The ability to score a touchdown on the point-after attempt (two-point conversion) was added to NCAA football in 1958 and also used in the American Football League during its ten-year run from 1960 to 1969. It was subsequently adopted by high school football in 1969, the CFL in 1975, and the NFL in 1994.[6][13] The short-lived World Football League, a professional American football league that operated in 1974 and 1975, gave touchdowns a seven-point value.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Touchdown

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A touchdown is a primary scoring play in , worth six points, achieved when a player in possession of the advances it into the opponent's or when the crosses the goal line plane while in the air during a legal play. This can occur by running the across the goal line, catching a in the , recovering a loose there, or through an airborne runner's possession breaking the plane of the goal line or pylon. Following a touchdown, the scoring team attempts an extra-point conversion, with the one-point kick from the 15-yard line and the (via run or pass) from the 2-yard line, potentially increasing the total value to eight points. The term "touchdown" originated in in the mid-19th century, where it referred to grounding the ball behind the opponent's goal line to score a "try," a concept adapted into early established in 1876. Initially valued at four points in 1883—less than a field goal's five points—the touchdown's worth was adjusted over time, reaching five points in 1898 for and six points in 1912, soon after in professional play, reflecting its growing emphasis as the game's most valued score. By the early , rule changes in 1912 formalized the end zone as a 10-yard deep area, solidifying the touchdown's role in distinguishing from its rugby roots. In modern () games, touchdowns represent the pinnacle of offensive achievement, often celebrated with choreographed end-zone dances that have become a cultural staple since the , though subject to penalties if deemed excessive. They drive strategic play-calling, with teams employing runs, passes, or trick plays to reach the end zone, and their frequency—averaging around 2.8 per game per team as of the 2024 season—underscores their centrality to scoring dynamics and game outcomes.

Definition and Basics

Core Definition

In , a touchdown is scored when the ball, legally in the possession of an offensive player, is advanced into the opponent's , either by a player carrying the ball across the goal line or catching a while in the . This occurs when any part of the ball breaks the plane of the goal line, extended vertically, while the player maintains control. The play is considered complete once the ball is declared dead by an , confirming the score. For a touchdown to be valid, the offensive player must establish possession by securing complete control of the with their hands or arms, followed by an act common to the game, such as tucking it away, and the must come to rest or be downed in the end zone. The becomes dead immediately upon an official's signal after it touches or crosses the goal line plane in this manner, preventing further action. Airborne players must have the break the plane before any part of their body other than hands or feet touches the ground out of bounds. A touchdown differs fundamentally from a , which is a defensive scoring play worth two points to the opposing and occurs when the ball becomes dead in the possession of a behind its own goal line, with the impetus originating from that . In contrast, a touchdown awards six points to the offensive and requires the ball to enter the opponent's under offensive control. The term "touchdown" originates from early rugby-influenced codes of football in the , where scoring involved physically touching or placing the ball down behind the opponent's goal line. This reflects the initial requirement to ground the ball, a practice that evolved but retained the name in .

Scoring Value and Game Impact

In , a touchdown is awarded 6 points, a standard value established in the official rules of the (NFL), (NCAA), and National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS). This scoring reflects the play's emphasis on advancing the ball into the opponent's , positioning it as the game's premier offensive achievement across professional, collegiate, and high school levels. Following a touchdown, the scoring gains an opportunity known as the try, or point after touchdown (PAT), to add 1 or 2 more points. The 1-point option involves kicking the ball through the goalposts from the 15-yard line in the (or 3-yard line in NCAA and NFHS rules), while the 2-point conversion requires the to advance the ball into the end zone again via a scrimmage play from the 2-yard line in the (or 3-yard line in NCAA and NFHS rules). These follow-up plays allow teams to potentially increase a touchdown's value to 7 or 8 points total, with the choice between them often dictated by game situations, such as trailing by a narrow margin where a 2-point attempt can tie or take the lead. The touchdown's 6-point value, combined with PAT options, makes it the dominant scoring method, accounting for approximately 52% of all points in the during the regular season (7,121 of 13,614 total points from touchdowns, extra points, and 2-point conversions). While most touchdowns are scored offensively, non-offensive touchdowns (defensive or special teams) occur in roughly 10-15% of NFL games on average for one team, based on recent season data. This statistical weight underscores its game impact, as offenses prioritize aggressive play-calling and riskier downfield passes to pursue touchdowns over safer field goals (worth 3 points) or the rarer safeties (2 points awarded to the defense). In high-scoring contests, where touchdowns drive momentum shifts and scoring surges, coaches assess conversion probabilities—around 94% success for 1-point kicks versus 50% for 2-point tries—to optimize strategies like going for two when needing an odd-numbered margin to win.

Execution and Methods

Grounding Requirements

In , a touchdown is officially scored when the ball, legally in the possession of an offensive player, breaks the vertical plane of the opponent's goal line, which extends upward indefinitely and beyond the goal-line pylons. This foundational requirement, outlined in NFL Rule 11, Section 2, Article 1, ensures the play advances the ball into the end zone while maintaining control, distinguishing a score from incomplete passes or fumbles. Possession is defined as the player being inbounds, securing the ball with hands or arms to gain control, and having both feet or another body part (other than the hands) firmly on the ground inbounds while performing an act common to the game, such as tucking or advancing the ball. Valid scenarios for a touchdown include a ball carrier advancing from the field of play with the ball crossing or touching the goal line plane, or an airborne runner whose ball breaks the plane with some portion passing over or inside the pylon before landing. For receptions, a receiver must secure control of an airborne pass while the ball breaks the plane, landing with a body part other than the hands touching the end zone ground inbounds to complete the catch. These criteria apply similarly in NCAA football under Rule 8, Section 2, Article 1, where a touchdown occurs if the ball in possession breaks the goal line plane (extended beyond the pylon) or if a ball carrier's body part other than hand or foot touches the end zone ground. A notable historical aspect of grounding rules involved the "tuck rule," an NFL interpretation from 2001 to 2013 that treated a quarterback's after tucking an intended as an rather than a , potentially affecting touchdown rulings in passing plays near the goal line. This rule, which sparked significant controversy—most famously in the 2001 AFC Divisional playoff game between the and —was eliminated in 2013 to simplify determinations during pass attempts. Upon confirming a touchdown, the signals by extending both arms straight above the head with palms facing forward, a that communicates the score to players, coaches, and spectators. This visual cue underscores the play's culmination, carrying strategic weight as it awards six points and influences game momentum through subsequent extra-point attempts.

Common Methods of Scoring

A touchdown is primarily achieved through offensive strategies that advance the ball into the opponent's , with the most common methods involving running, passing, and special teams returns. These approaches rely on coordinated plays to evade or overpower the defense, often culminating in a player crossing the line while in possession of the ball. In a running touchdown, also known as a rushing touchdown, a ball carrier—typically a , , or —advances the football on foot through the defensive line and into the without a being thrown. This method emphasizes power running, gap exploitation, or outside sweeps, where blockers create lanes for the carrier to gain yards after the . For instance, during high-stakes drives, teams like the in the 1970s frequently used running plays led by players such as to grind out tough yards and score. A passing touchdown occurs when the throws a to a receiver who catches the ball in the end zone or subsequently carries it across the goal line after the reception. This aerial attack often involves route combinations like fades, slants, or posts to exploit defensive coverage, with the receiver securing possession and both feet (or another body part) inbounds for the score. Quarterbacks such as have historically excelled in this method, delivering precise throws in the red zone to teammates for game-changing points. Return touchdowns represent defensive or special teams opportunities where a player recovers a loose ball—such as from a kickoff, punt, or —and advances it the length of the field into the opponent's . Kickoff and punt returns involve catching the ball after a kick and dodging tacklers in open space, while returns start with a picking off a pass and sprinting toward the goal. These plays highlight speed and agility, as seen in Devin Hester's multiple punt return scores for the , where he turned short kicks into long gains. Fumble recovery returns fall under this category when a defender or teammate scoops up a dropped ball and runs it back for a score. Rarer methods include recoveries directly in the end zone or returns of blocked kicks, such as a blocked or punt that a player fields and carries untouched into the end zone. These opportunistic scores often arise from defensive disruptions near the goal line, like the Philadelphia Eagles' Jordan Davis blocking a attempt on September 21, 2025, and returning it 61 yards for a touchdown against the Los Angeles Rams. An iconic example blending passing and return elements is the "Immaculate Reception" in the 1972 AFC Divisional playoff, where Pittsburgh Steelers running back Franco Harris caught a deflected pass near midfield and ran 42 yards for a touchdown against the Oakland Raiders, securing a 13-7 victory.

Rules and Variations

Official NFL and NCAA Rules

In both the (NFL) and (NCAA), a touchdown requires the offensive team to gain legal possession of the ball while breaking the plane of the opponent's goal line or having the ball declared dead in the opponent's . Possession demands firm control of the live ball by an eligible offensive player, and the score is nullified if illegal touching occurs, such as an ineligible receiver advancing more than one yard beyond the and touching a . The enforces a strict "plane-breaking" rule for touchdowns, where the ball, while in possession of the ball carrier, must break the vertical plane of the goal line for the score to count. Close calls, including whether the plane was broken or possession maintained, are subject to instant replay review, a system first adopted league-wide in to assist officials on scoring plays and boundary calls, discontinued after 1991 due to inconsistencies, and reinstated and expanded in 1999 to include all scoring plays and turnovers in the end zone. NCAA rules align closely with the on grounding and plane-breaking requirements but incorporate a momentum exception for turnovers: if the defense gains possession of a , , or kick between its five-yard line and goal line, and from the play carries the defender into the where the ball becomes dead, the result is a rather than a , with the ball spotted at the spot of recovery. For offensive fumbles that enter the opponent's , recovery by the fumbling team awards a touchdown, while a defensive recovery or the ball going out of bounds results in a . Defunct leagues like (2001–2007) and adaptations in the ongoing (IFL) largely mirrored NFL touchdown rules but adjusted for smaller fields, such as allowing motion before the snap and modified dimensions, influencing global variants like those in the by emphasizing safety and pace without altering core scoring mechanics. As of the 2025 season, no significant changes to core touchdown rules have been implemented beyond minor procedural updates.

Key Penalties and Disputes

In American football, several penalties committed by the offense during a scoring play can nullify a touchdown. Offensive pass interference occurs when an offensive player obstructs a defender's opportunity to intercept or bat a , resulting in a 10-yard penalty from the previous spot and the loss of the down; if called on a play that would otherwise result in a touchdown, the score is voided. An illegal , such as a second beyond the or one thrown from beyond the line, incurs a 5-yard penalty and loss of down, similarly nullifying any apparent touchdown. Holding in the by an offensive player grasping or restricting a defender during a scoring attempt is penalized by 10 yards from the previous spot and loss of down, nullifying the touchdown; a is awarded only if the foul occurs in the offense's own . Defensive penalties, conversely, can facilitate offensive scores by providing advantageous field position. Defensive pass interference in the end zone is enforced as a spot foul, with the ball placed at the 1-yard line and an automatic first down awarded to the offense, allowing a straightforward touchdown opportunity on the next play. This rule ensures that egregious defensive contact on eligible receivers near the goal line does not prevent a legitimate scoring chance, though the offense must still execute the play to score. Touchdown attempts have sparked notable disputes, often centering on ambiguous rules and officiating errors. The "Fail Mary" play on September 24, 2012, in a Seattle Seahawks-Green Bay Packers game involved a where Seahawks receiver shoved Packers defender M.D. Jennings before securing the ball in simultaneous possession in the end zone; replacement officials ruled it a touchdown despite clear offensive , igniting widespread controversy that ended the referees' lockout two days later and highlighted flaws in replay limitations at the time. To address such disputes, the NFL's replay review process has evolved significantly. Since 2019, booth-initiated reviews automatically examine all scoring plays, including those potentially negated by penalties like or holding, allowing replay officials to advise on-field crews based on clear video evidence before the next play begins. This expansion, approved by NFL owners, also permits reviews of fouls that would void touchdowns, ensuring greater accuracy in high-stakes end-zone decisions without requiring coach challenges.

Historical Development

Origins in Early Football

The touchdown in American football originated from the sport's early development in the mid-19th century, drawing heavily from and (soccer), which were popular among colleges. In rugby, the equivalent play was known as a "try," where a player grounded the ball behind the opponent's goal line to earn an uncontested attempt at a ; the try itself initially carried no points, emphasizing the goal's superior value, though later rule changes assigned it independent scoring worth fewer points than a goal. This mechanic influenced early American variants, where carrying or grounding the ball in the end zone similarly aimed to secure territorial advantage and kicking opportunities rather than direct points. Early adoption appeared in intercollegiate contests without uniform rules, such as the 1875 Harvard-Yale game, the first under rugby-style regulations between . Harvard won 4 goals to 0, while recording 2 touchdowns that did not contribute to the score, highlighting the play's role in enabling kicks but lacking standardized value. The term "touchdown" and its definition—grounding the ball behind the goal line—were formalized in the rules established at the Massasoit House Convention in , where , a Yale representative, played a key role in codifying the nascent sport's framework, distinguishing it from pure rugby while retaining the grounding requirement. By the 1880s, as diverged further, Camp led efforts to introduce a numerical points system for clarity and consistency. In 1883, the Intercollegiate Football Association adopted rules valuing a touchdown at 4 points and a successful after touchdown at 2 points, establishing the play's independent scoring merit while maintaining its rugby heritage. This system evolved modestly; by 1897, the touchdown's value rose to 5 points with the post-touchdown goal reduced to 1 point, yielding a combined total of 6 points that underscored the play's growing centrality in the game.

Evolution and Rule Changes

The value of a touchdown in underwent significant adjustments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to balance scoring with the evolving nature of the game. Initially worth four points from 1883 to 1896, it was increased to five points in 1897 to reflect the touchdown's growing emphasis as the primary scoring play over field goals, which had previously been valued higher. This change was made permanent across major codes, including and collegiate levels, though temporary variations occurred in some leagues. By , the touchdown's value was raised to its modern six points, a that aimed to further incentivize offensive drives while aligning with the introduction of the end zone as a defined 10-yard area behind the goal line. A pivotal rule change in legalized the forward pass, which dramatically expanded touchdown opportunities through aerial attacks and reduced the game's reliance on mass formations that had led to high injury rates. Prior to this, passing was prohibited or severely restricted, limiting touchdowns mostly to runs; post-legalization, passing touchdowns became a core strategy, with the first documented completion occurring that year in a game between the and . This adaptation responded to calls for safer, more open play following the 1905 crisis of fatalities in . In the mid-20th century, adjustments to field dimensions and post-touchdown options addressed pacing and strategy. Goal posts were relocated from the goal line to the back of the end zone in 1927, increasing the distance for extra-point kicks from approximately 20 yards to 30 yards and making them more challenging, which influenced defensive setups near the goal line. The , allowing a run or pass from the two-yard line for two points after a touchdown, was introduced in NCAA football in 1958—to boost scoring amid stagnant offensive output, with teams attempting it over 50% of the time initially. The NFL adopted this rule in 1994, 36 years after its collegiate debut, to add tactical depth and reduce reliance on routine kicks. Modern advancements focused on accuracy and safety through technology and rule tweaks. The implemented limited instant replay in to review close calls, including touchdown determinations like catches and boundary rulings, though it was discontinued in 1992 due to technical limitations before returning in 1999 with expanded scope. By 2006, the system evolved to allow full reviews of additional plays, such as down-by-contact and possession, enhancing precision in goal-line decisions without halting game flow excessively. In , the moved extra-point attempts to the 15-yard line (a 33-yard kick), increasing difficulty from a near-100% success rate to about 94% and encouraging more two-point tries to make post-touchdown plays more competitive and less predictable. Since 2020, no substantive changes to touchdown rules have occurred, though enhanced protocols—updated annually with independent spotters and sideline assessments—have indirectly influenced goal-line strategies by prompting more frequent evaluations during high-impact stands, potentially altering play-calling to mitigate risks in close-quarters collisions.

References

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  32. https://www.profootballhof.com/news/2011/12/news-changing-the-rules-archived2/
  33. https://www.si.com/nfl/2017/06/21/history-nfl-goal-posts
  34. https://www.profootballhof.com/news/2024/09/2-point-conversion-turns-30-years-old/
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  37. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10331260/
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