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Hub AI
Sack of Antwerp AI simulator
(@Sack of Antwerp_simulator)
Hub AI
Sack of Antwerp AI simulator
(@Sack of Antwerp_simulator)
Sack of Antwerp
51°12′48″N 4°24′10″E / 51.21333°N 4.40278°E
The sack of Antwerp, often known as the Spanish Fury at Antwerp, was an episode of the Eighty Years' War. It is the greatest massacre in the history of the Low Countries.[citation needed]
On 4 November 1576, mutinying Spanish tercios of the Army of Flanders began the sack of Antwerp, leading to three days of horror among the population of the city, which was the cultural, economic and financial center of the Low Countries. The savagery of the sack led the provinces of the Low Countries to unite against the Spanish crown. The devastation also caused Antwerp's decline as the leading city in the region and paved the way for Amsterdam's rise.
The principal cause of the sack was the delay in payment due to the soldiers by Philip II of Spain, who had recently declared bankruptcy. Bankers refused to perform the transactions the king of Spain asked of them until they had reached a compromise. Case in point, the transfer of the troops' salary from Spain could not be performed by letter of exchange (the 16th-century equivalent of a money order). So, the Spanish government had to transfer the actual cash by sea, which was a much more expensive, slow, and dangerous operation: for instance, in 1568, 400,000 florins intended as payment to the troops had been seized by the government of Elizabeth I when ships containing the florins sought shelter from a storm in English ports.
Spanish soldiers, angry at fighting without rest or pay against rebels, had already sacked Zierikzee and Aalst, causing the fifteen loyal provinces (Holland and Zeeland were in the hands of the rebels) to come together in States-General to remove the mercenaries from the Netherlands. It was an ordinary procedure with the soldiery then, and their procedure was invariable. Without breaking their celebrated discipline, they would choose a new leader, or Eletto, from their number and march in perfect order under him to whatever their target was. In this instance, the Spanish soldiers decided to find their belated pay for themselves by looting Antwerp.
The Spanish commander of the Citadel of Antwerp, Sancho d'Avila, had the idea to sack Antwerp. He tried to convince the commander of the German troops in the city, Count Otto IV van Eberstein, son of William IV of Eberstein, to deliver the city to the Spanish.
However, Eberstein warned Governor Compagny (or Champagny) of Antwerp, and together, they improvised defences against the Spanish. On 3 November, Compagny let a force of 6,000 Walloon troops under Charles Philippe de Croÿ into the city. That was a risk because these troops were not very trustworthy.[clarification needed][citation needed] Some 10,000 civilians also helped to raise improvised defences against the Citadel. D'Avila had also prepared his attack and contacted other Spanish mutinous troops in Aalst, Lier, Breda and Maastricht, which converged on the city.
On 4 November at 11:00, the Spanish attacked. The civilian defenses were useless against the battle-hardened Spaniards, who swarmed into the city. As had been feared, the Walloons did not fight but fled or even participated in the looting, according to different sources.[citation needed] The Germans and civilians tried to resist but were no match for the Spaniards. Eberstein drowned in the Scheldt when he tried to escape.
Sack of Antwerp
51°12′48″N 4°24′10″E / 51.21333°N 4.40278°E
The sack of Antwerp, often known as the Spanish Fury at Antwerp, was an episode of the Eighty Years' War. It is the greatest massacre in the history of the Low Countries.[citation needed]
On 4 November 1576, mutinying Spanish tercios of the Army of Flanders began the sack of Antwerp, leading to three days of horror among the population of the city, which was the cultural, economic and financial center of the Low Countries. The savagery of the sack led the provinces of the Low Countries to unite against the Spanish crown. The devastation also caused Antwerp's decline as the leading city in the region and paved the way for Amsterdam's rise.
The principal cause of the sack was the delay in payment due to the soldiers by Philip II of Spain, who had recently declared bankruptcy. Bankers refused to perform the transactions the king of Spain asked of them until they had reached a compromise. Case in point, the transfer of the troops' salary from Spain could not be performed by letter of exchange (the 16th-century equivalent of a money order). So, the Spanish government had to transfer the actual cash by sea, which was a much more expensive, slow, and dangerous operation: for instance, in 1568, 400,000 florins intended as payment to the troops had been seized by the government of Elizabeth I when ships containing the florins sought shelter from a storm in English ports.
Spanish soldiers, angry at fighting without rest or pay against rebels, had already sacked Zierikzee and Aalst, causing the fifteen loyal provinces (Holland and Zeeland were in the hands of the rebels) to come together in States-General to remove the mercenaries from the Netherlands. It was an ordinary procedure with the soldiery then, and their procedure was invariable. Without breaking their celebrated discipline, they would choose a new leader, or Eletto, from their number and march in perfect order under him to whatever their target was. In this instance, the Spanish soldiers decided to find their belated pay for themselves by looting Antwerp.
The Spanish commander of the Citadel of Antwerp, Sancho d'Avila, had the idea to sack Antwerp. He tried to convince the commander of the German troops in the city, Count Otto IV van Eberstein, son of William IV of Eberstein, to deliver the city to the Spanish.
However, Eberstein warned Governor Compagny (or Champagny) of Antwerp, and together, they improvised defences against the Spanish. On 3 November, Compagny let a force of 6,000 Walloon troops under Charles Philippe de Croÿ into the city. That was a risk because these troops were not very trustworthy.[clarification needed][citation needed] Some 10,000 civilians also helped to raise improvised defences against the Citadel. D'Avila had also prepared his attack and contacted other Spanish mutinous troops in Aalst, Lier, Breda and Maastricht, which converged on the city.
On 4 November at 11:00, the Spanish attacked. The civilian defenses were useless against the battle-hardened Spaniards, who swarmed into the city. As had been feared, the Walloons did not fight but fled or even participated in the looting, according to different sources.[citation needed] The Germans and civilians tried to resist but were no match for the Spaniards. Eberstein drowned in the Scheldt when he tried to escape.
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