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Scupper
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A scupper is an opening in the side walls of a vessel or an open-air structure, which allows water to drain instead of pooling within the bulwark or gunwales of a vessel, or within the curbing or walls of a building.
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There are two main kinds of scuppers:
- Ships have scuppers at deck level, to allow for ocean or rainwater drain-off.[1]
- Buildings with railed rooftops may have scuppers to let rainwater drain instead of pooling within the railing. Scuppers can also be placed in a parapet, for the same purpose.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ Smyth, William Henry (2008). The Sailor's Word: A Complete Dictionary of Nautical Terms from the Napoleonic and Victorian Navies. Fireship Press. p. 625. ISBN 978-1-934757-41-3.
- ^ Sweet's Architectural Catalog File. Sweet's Division, McGraw-Hill Information Systems Company. 1918. p. 275.
External links
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Scupper
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
A scupper is an opening cut through the bulwarks of a ship, allowing water accumulated on the deck to flow overboard and preventing pooling that could affect stability or safety.[1] In architectural contexts, it refers to a similar opening or fixture in a building's wall or parapet, typically at the edge of a flat roof, designed to drain rainwater away from the structure and direct it into gutters or downspouts.[2] These features originated in maritime design, where they have been essential since the 15th century for managing seawater and spray on vessel decks, often integrated with waterways—raised channels along the deck edges—to channel water efficiently toward the scuppers.[3]
The term "scupper" derives from early 15th-century Middle English, likely influenced by Old French escopir meaning "to spit out," evoking the action of water being expelled from the deck like spittle.[1] By the 1660s in English shipbuilding, scuppers were constructed as part of the deck planking, sometimes using thicker planks for durability, and could include internal pipes to carry water below deck if needed.[4] In modern architecture, scuppers are standardized components in roofing systems, often regulated by building codes such as the International Building Code to ensure proper drainage—typically with minimum widths of 4 inches for primary and larger for overflow to handle heavy rainfall without ponding—and may feature grates or screens to prevent debris entry.[5] For residential roofs, the International Residential Code requires secondary emergency overflow measures, such as overflow openings, pipes, or parapet overflow weirs, to handle excess water beyond the main drainage capacity; these must be sized the same as or three times larger than primary drains and installed with the inlet 2 inches above the roof's low point to prevent accumulation during extreme rain.[6] They are particularly vital in flat or low-slope roofs common in commercial buildings, where inadequate scuppering can lead to water ponding, structural damage, or leaks.[7]
In British English, "scupper" also functions as a verb, meaning to ruin, thwart, or cause the failure of a plan or effort, a usage that emerged in the late 19th century as military slang of uncertain origin.[8] This sense, first attested around 1871, has since entered informal usage, as in "The storm scuppered our weekend trip," but remains less common outside the UK and Commonwealth.[9] Overall, the nautical and architectural applications define the term's core utility in water management, while the slang verb highlights its evolution in colloquial language.
Drainage device
Nautical scupper
A nautical scupper is an opening cut through the bulwarks or waterways of a vessel, allowing accumulated water on the deck to drain overboard and preventing pooling that could lead to instability.[10] These openings are typically positioned along the deck edges, within gutters or waterways on open decks, and in the corners of enclosed decks where they connect to drainage systems leading to the bilge or directly overboard via pipes.[10] To resist corrosion from seawater exposure, scuppers and their associated pipes are commonly constructed from brass or stainless steel, materials chosen for their durability and resistance to marine environments.[11] In functionality, scuppers play a critical role during heavy seas, waves, or rain by facilitating the rapid removal of seawater, rainwater, or condensation from the deck, thereby maintaining seaworthiness and avoiding swamping.[12] They integrate with scupper plugs, which seal the openings to prevent unwanted fluid ingress or egress during operations like cargo handling, and non-return valves that automatically close to block backflow while allowing outward drainage.[11][13] These valves are particularly essential for discharges below the freeboard deck, ensuring water does not re-enter the vessel under heel or wave action.[14] Historically, scuppers have been integral to sailing ships since at least the 17th century, where they consisted of holes in the ship's side fitted with downward-angled lead tubes to channel water away from the deck during storms, preventing accumulation that could capsize the vessel.[15] In modern vessels, this design persists but with enhanced materials and integrations, evolving from basic waterways in wooden hulls to regulated systems in steel ships that support safe navigation in adverse conditions.[12] Nautical regulations, such as those in the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Regulation 22, mandate specific sizing and fittings for scuppers to ensure effective drainage without compromising hull integrity; for instance, pipes penetrating the shell below the freeboard deck must have non-return valves and minimum wall thicknesses—such as at least 7 mm for substantial pipes of 80 mm diameter or more—scaled to pipe size to handle vessel displacement-related loads.[14] Additionally, related freeing ports, which complement scuppers on vessels with high bulwarks, require a minimum open area calculated as 0.07 times the bulwark length in meters for ships over 20 meters, adjusted for bulwark height to facilitate drainage proportional to the ship's size and exposure to waves.[12]Architectural scupper
An architectural scupper is defined as an opening through parapet walls or gravel stops on flat or low-slope roofs, engineered to channel excess water away from the building structure and prevent accumulation on the roof surface.[16] These features are essential for managing stormwater runoff, particularly in commercial, industrial, and residential buildings where large roof areas are exposed to precipitation, thereby averting ponding that could lead to leaks, membrane degradation, or structural compromise.[17] By directing water efficiently, scuppers safeguard the building envelope and reduce the risk of water intrusion into walls or interiors.[18] Sizing and capacity for architectural scuppers are determined based on the roof's tributary area and local rainfall rates, as outlined in the International Plumbing Code (IPC).[19] For primary drainage, the IPC mandates a minimum opening height of 4 inches (102 mm), with the width sized to match or exceed the circumference of an equivalent roof drain, often using tables that account for rainfall intensities up to 5 inches per hour.[19] This ensures adequate flow capacity; for instance, scuppers serving roofs up to 5,000 square feet under standard conditions might require openings calculated to handle 1 inch of hourly rainfall without overflow.[20] Emergency overflow scuppers, positioned higher (such as 2 inches above the roof's low point in residential applications), provide redundancy if primary systems clog, and are sized the same as primary roof drains to handle excess water beyond the main drainage capacity, including overflow openings, overflow pipes, or parapet overflow weirs as mandated by the International Residential Code (IRC) Section R903.4.1 to prevent water accumulation during extreme rain.[19][21] Architectural scuppers integrate seamlessly with downspouts, conductors, or dedicated scupper boxes to convey water from the roof edge to ground-level drainage or storm sewers.[22] In typical installations, water enters the scupper and flows into a connected downspout for vertical transport, while scupper boxes—enclosed metal units—facilitate controlled discharge and prevent debris entry.[23] These systems often double as emergency overflows, activating only when primary drains fail to avoid roof flooding.[24] Common materials for architectural scuppers include copper, aluminum, and galvanized steel, selected for their durability and ability to withstand prolonged exposure to moisture.[25] Copper, in particular, forms a protective patina over time, offering superior corrosion resistance in urban environments where acid rain and pollutants from traffic or industry accelerate material degradation.[16] Aluminum provides lightweight corrosion resistance suitable for most climates, while galvanized steel offers cost-effective protection through zinc coating, though it may require maintenance in highly polluted areas.[26] These choices ensure long-term performance without frequent replacement.[27]Design and materials
Scuppers are engineered with shapes such as rectangular openings or hooded configurations to facilitate efficient water drainage while restricting debris ingress. Rectangular designs predominate in various applications, offering a simple, direct pathway for water to exit without complex internal structures. Hooded variants incorporate an overhanging cover or flap mechanism that directs flow downward and shields against upward splash or wind-driven entry.[28][29] Material choices prioritize corrosion resistance, given constant exposure to water and environmental stressors, alongside compatibility in thermal expansion to prevent joint stresses with surrounding structures. Traditional scuppers, particularly in historical nautical contexts, employed lead linings to inhibit corrosion and fungal growth within the deck or wall openings. Contemporary options include stainless steel for its high durability in marine and atmospheric conditions, bronze for non-sparking properties in vessel use, and PVC for lightweight, rust-proof performance as a cost-effective alternative. Copper, often specified at a minimum 16-ounce weight, provides excellent malleability for custom fabrication and natural patina formation that enhances longevity. Soldered joints in metal scuppers ensure watertight seals, while PVC variants feature integrated flanges for secure installation.[30][15][16][31] Design variations adapt to specific environmental demands, such as hooded scuppers that bolster wind resistance by deflecting gusts and reducing spray ingress, or integrations with sumps that create a depressed collection area to trap sediment and debris prior to primary outflow. These sump combinations promote clearer drainage paths by allowing solids to settle, minimizing downstream blockages. In structural contexts, scupper placements consider load-bearing integration, where metal reinforcements enable them to withstand roof or deck weights without compromising drainage efficiency. Maintenance protocols focus on preventing blockages through routine debris removal, typically involving brushing or hosing out accumulated leaves, sediment, or marine growth, with inspections advised at least twice annually or after heavy weather events. This approach extends service life and maintains hydraulic efficiency. Relative to gutters, scuppers offer superior resistance to clogging due to their unobstructed openings and integrate more seamlessly into structural elements, supporting higher incidental loads from foot traffic or equipment without sagging or failure risks.[18][32]Verbal usage
Primary meaning
In British English slang, the verb scupper means to cause the failure, ruin, or thwarting of something, particularly plans, opportunities, or endeavors, often in an unexpected or decisive manner. For instance, a sentence like "The unexpected regulatory change scuppered the merger" illustrates its use in describing how an external factor derails progress. This sense emphasizes disruption without complete destruction, distinguishing it from more violent connotations in its earlier forms. The term originated in the late 19th century as British military slang, where it referred to surprising and overwhelming an enemy position, such as ambushing and massacring troops in a sudden attack.[1][9] By the early 20th century, this evolved into the broader figurative meaning of defeating or sabotaging non-military objectives, reflecting a shift from literal combat to metaphorical setbacks. The origin of the verb is uncertain, possibly formed by conversion from the nautical noun scupper.[33] In modern informal contexts, scupper appears in business negotiations, sports commentary, and everyday conversations to denote spoiling arrangements. Examples include "Injury scuppered the team's championship hopes" in sports reporting or "Rising costs scuppered the renovation plans" in personal anecdotes, highlighting its applicability to unpredictable hindrances.[34] These usages underscore its role in expressing frustration over aborted efforts without implying intent. The word is predominantly prevalent in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth nations like Australia and Canada, where it remains a common colloquialism, though it has seen limited adoption in American English, often replaced by equivalents like "tank" or "sabotage."[1][35] Synonyms such as "torpedo," which suggests aggressive undermining, or "derail," implying a disruption of momentum, share similarities but differ in connotation—"scupper" typically conveys a sense of inevitable, cascading failure rather than deliberate sabotage.[36]Historical and regional variations
The verbal use of "scupper" emerged in the late 19th century as British military slang, denoting "to surprise and massacre" or ambush an enemy force, with the earliest attested usage appearing in 1871 in a British newspaper report on military maneuvers.[8] This sense likely drew from earlier naval connotations of overwhelming or dispatching foes. By the early 20th century, the term evolved into broader figurative meaning of thwarting or ruining plans, opportunities, or endeavors, often in non-military contexts like business or personal affairs.[8] Post-1940s, the verb transitioned into broader civilian applications, shifting from its martial origins to a figurative meaning of thwarting or ruining plans, opportunities, or endeavors, often in non-military contexts like business or personal affairs.[8] In literature, the term's lighter, ironic tone appears in early 20th-century British fiction. Regionally, "scupper" remains more entrenched in British English, where it commonly describes figurative ruin, as in phrases like "scuppered by bureaucracy" to denote plans foiled by red tape.[9] In American English, usage is rarer and often limited to nautical derivations, such as scuttling a ship, with the slang sense of ambush or thwarting appearing infrequently outside historical military texts.[1] This disparity highlights the term's stronger retention in Commonwealth varieties, where variations in intensity persist—from the stark "overwhelm" of wartime dispatches to the colloquial "ruin" in media critiques of failed initiatives.[8] It has seen increasing adoption in American English in recent decades.[9]Etymology
Origins of the noun
The noun "scupper," referring to a drainage opening on a ship's deck, first appears in English records around 1485, during the late Middle English period.[37] This earliest attestation occurs in shipbuilding contexts, where the term describes features for expelling water from the deck, as evidenced in nautical inventories and technical descriptions of vessel construction.[1] The word likely derives from Old French escopir, meaning "to spit out," evoking the image of water being forcefully ejected through the opening, akin to spitting.[38] Alternative etymological proposals link it to Middle English scope ("scoop") or Dutch schop ("shovel"), suggesting an instrumental sense of scooping or drawing off accumulated water, with the suffix -er forming a noun for the tool or aperture.[39] These roots reflect the practical demands of 15th-century maritime engineering, where effective deck drainage was essential for seaworthiness. By the 16th century, "scupper" had become a standardized term in English nautical terminology, appearing consistently in shipyard records and early maritime treatises to denote these vital drainage elements.[40] This evolution paralleled advances in naval architecture, solidifying its place in the lexicon of ship design before its later extension to architectural contexts.[2]Development of the verb
The verb form of "scupper" first emerged in the late 19th century as British military slang, denoting "to surprise and massacre" or "to ambush and overwhelm an enemy force."[1][8] The Oxford English Dictionary records its earliest attested use in 1871, appearing in the Wakefield Free Press in a military context describing a sudden defeat.[8] Of uncertain origin, the term likely arose independently in army jargon, though some linguists suggest possible influence from the nautical noun "scupper," evoking the image of water rapidly draining away, metaphorically extended to the swift destruction of lives or positions in battle.[33] By the early 20th century, particularly during World War I, "scupper" gained traction in British Army usage, evolving from its literal sense of massacre to a broader implication of utterly defeating or ruining endeavors through unexpected means.[9] This shift emphasized the surprise element inherent in the original slang, distinguishing it from related verbs like "scuttle," which typically implies a deliberate, premeditated act of sabotage such as sinking a ship from within, whereas "scupper" conveys an abrupt, overwhelming intervention.[2] The term's metaphorical connection to the nautical drain persisted, suggesting success or plans being "washed away" like deck water through a scupper during a flood or storm.[33] The slang sense of "to ruin or thwart," especially plans or projects, solidified in the 1910s and spread widely through post-war literature and media in the 1920s and 1930s.[9] For instance, in Wilfred Owen's World War I poetry, collected and published in 1920, "scuppered" appears in soldier dialect to describe being knocked out or disabled in combat, illustrating its integration into war memoirs and accounts.[41] The Oxford English Dictionary traces this extended figurative meaning to examples from the 1920s, reflecting its adoption beyond military circles into general British English for any sudden disruption.[8] This development marked a key milestone, transforming the verb into a versatile slang expression for derailing intentions, often with a tone of ironic resignation.References
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scupper