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Second siege of Callao
The second siege of Callao or Fall of Callao (Spanish: Caída del Callao) was the longest lasting siege that occurred on the Pacific coast during the Spanish American wars of independence. The siege was carried out by the combined Gran Colombian and Peruvian independence forces against the royalist soldiers defending the Real Felipe Fortress in the port of Callao, who refused to surrender, and refused to accept the capitulation of the Battle of Ayacucho.
The siege took place from December 5, 1824 to January 23, 1826, when the royalist stronghold was defeated, ending the Spanish Empire's presence in South America.
During the Peruvian War of Independence, in July 1821 Viceroy José de la Serna evacuated Lima with the troops of the Royal Army of Peru who were still under his command and thus the troops led by General José de San Martín occupied the city days later, proclaiming the independence of Peru. As a consequence, on September 21 of the same year, the troops of the Liberating Expedition of Peru also occupied the Real Felipe Fortress, dominating the strategic port of Callao.
When José de San Martín withdrew from Peru in September 1822 after the Guayaquil Conference with Simón Bolívar, he left a garrison of almost 1,500 soldiers in Callao, many of them Argentine veterans of the Army of the Andes, along with companies formed by former slaves recruited in Peru, and artillerymen from Chile. The situation of these troops became precarious in the following months, due to the political struggles between the leaders of independent Peru, due to the adverse results in the military campaign against the Royalist Army, and the serious shortage of food and essential clothing for the troops.
On June 18, 1823, Spanish general José de Canterac seized Lima along with numerous royalist soldiers, and remained in the city until July 16. When the independent troops, now led from Trujillo by Bolívar, recovered Lima, 2,000 soldiers from the patriot side remained in Callao. However, the bad conditions in which this garrison was found did not undergo any improvement, and there were several seditious instigations towards the troops of Callao to pass them to the royalist side. Such maneuvers were led by José Bernardo de Tagle, the Marquis of Torre Tagle, a Peruvian independence leader who lost his status as president due to the arrival of Bolívar. As a result, the Callao mutiny broke out on February 5, 1824. Some common soldiers tried to contain the revolt but were quickly reduced and executed.
After the mutiny, most of the independent soldiers garrisoned in Real Felipe changed sides and joined the Royalist Army. Given this, the troops still loyal to the Peruvian government evacuated Lima due to the seriousness of the situation. Royalist forces led by Spanish General Monet entered Lima almost without resistance on February 25, after the withdrawal of the patriotic troops, appointing Brigadier José Ramón Rodil as head of the Callao garrison.
The military campaigns of 1824 were widely favorable to the independent troops that now had reinforcements from Gran Colombia, while the revolt of Pedro Antonio Olañeta in Upper Peru, together with the shortage of supplies and the lack of reinforcements from Spain, increased the difficulties on the royalist side to continue the war. After the triumph of the Liberation Army in the Battle of Junín in August 1824, the situation of the royalists was further affected; At the beginning of December 1824, the royalist soldiers still stationed in Lima withdrew to the mountains, only to abandon the fight shortly after when they learned the result of the Battle of Ayacucho fought on December 9, with the subsequent capitulation of the Viceroy himself.
Shortly after the last evacuation of Lima by the Royalist Army troops, the independent soldiers finally took the capital, with Bolívar's arrival causing a massive exodus to Callao of those who maintained their loyalty to the Spanish crown, either by sincere conviction, for the defense of their interests, or for subsequent lawsuits with the leaders of the young independent Peru, with various Spaniards, Creoles and mestizos fleeing as refugees. Bolívar declared the start of the second siege on December 5, 1824.
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Second siege of Callao AI simulator
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Second siege of Callao
The second siege of Callao or Fall of Callao (Spanish: Caída del Callao) was the longest lasting siege that occurred on the Pacific coast during the Spanish American wars of independence. The siege was carried out by the combined Gran Colombian and Peruvian independence forces against the royalist soldiers defending the Real Felipe Fortress in the port of Callao, who refused to surrender, and refused to accept the capitulation of the Battle of Ayacucho.
The siege took place from December 5, 1824 to January 23, 1826, when the royalist stronghold was defeated, ending the Spanish Empire's presence in South America.
During the Peruvian War of Independence, in July 1821 Viceroy José de la Serna evacuated Lima with the troops of the Royal Army of Peru who were still under his command and thus the troops led by General José de San Martín occupied the city days later, proclaiming the independence of Peru. As a consequence, on September 21 of the same year, the troops of the Liberating Expedition of Peru also occupied the Real Felipe Fortress, dominating the strategic port of Callao.
When José de San Martín withdrew from Peru in September 1822 after the Guayaquil Conference with Simón Bolívar, he left a garrison of almost 1,500 soldiers in Callao, many of them Argentine veterans of the Army of the Andes, along with companies formed by former slaves recruited in Peru, and artillerymen from Chile. The situation of these troops became precarious in the following months, due to the political struggles between the leaders of independent Peru, due to the adverse results in the military campaign against the Royalist Army, and the serious shortage of food and essential clothing for the troops.
On June 18, 1823, Spanish general José de Canterac seized Lima along with numerous royalist soldiers, and remained in the city until July 16. When the independent troops, now led from Trujillo by Bolívar, recovered Lima, 2,000 soldiers from the patriot side remained in Callao. However, the bad conditions in which this garrison was found did not undergo any improvement, and there were several seditious instigations towards the troops of Callao to pass them to the royalist side. Such maneuvers were led by José Bernardo de Tagle, the Marquis of Torre Tagle, a Peruvian independence leader who lost his status as president due to the arrival of Bolívar. As a result, the Callao mutiny broke out on February 5, 1824. Some common soldiers tried to contain the revolt but were quickly reduced and executed.
After the mutiny, most of the independent soldiers garrisoned in Real Felipe changed sides and joined the Royalist Army. Given this, the troops still loyal to the Peruvian government evacuated Lima due to the seriousness of the situation. Royalist forces led by Spanish General Monet entered Lima almost without resistance on February 25, after the withdrawal of the patriotic troops, appointing Brigadier José Ramón Rodil as head of the Callao garrison.
The military campaigns of 1824 were widely favorable to the independent troops that now had reinforcements from Gran Colombia, while the revolt of Pedro Antonio Olañeta in Upper Peru, together with the shortage of supplies and the lack of reinforcements from Spain, increased the difficulties on the royalist side to continue the war. After the triumph of the Liberation Army in the Battle of Junín in August 1824, the situation of the royalists was further affected; At the beginning of December 1824, the royalist soldiers still stationed in Lima withdrew to the mountains, only to abandon the fight shortly after when they learned the result of the Battle of Ayacucho fought on December 9, with the subsequent capitulation of the Viceroy himself.
Shortly after the last evacuation of Lima by the Royalist Army troops, the independent soldiers finally took the capital, with Bolívar's arrival causing a massive exodus to Callao of those who maintained their loyalty to the Spanish crown, either by sincere conviction, for the defense of their interests, or for subsequent lawsuits with the leaders of the young independent Peru, with various Spaniards, Creoles and mestizos fleeing as refugees. Bolívar declared the start of the second siege on December 5, 1824.