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Shanghai massacre
The Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927, the April 12 Purge or the April 12 Incident as it is commonly known in China, was the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organizations and leftist elements in Shanghai by forces supporting General Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party or KMT). The event began the campaign of anti-communist repression in Nationalist China.
Following the incident, conservative KMT elements carried out a full-scale purge of communists in all areas under their control, and violent suppression occurred in Guangzhou and Changsha. The purge led to an open split between left-wing and right-wing factions in the KMT, with Chiang Kai-shek establishing himself as the leader of the right-wing faction based in Nanjing, in opposition to the original left-wing KMT government based in Wuhan, which was led by Wang Jingwei.
By 15 July 1927, the Wuhan regime had expelled the CCP from its ranks, effectively ending the First United Front, a working alliance between the KMT and the CCP under the tutelage of Communist International (Comintern) agents. For the rest of 1927, the CCP would fight to regain power, beginning the Autumn Harvest Uprising and culminating with the Nanchang Uprising, nominally commencing the Chinese Civil War. With the failure and the crushing of the Guangzhou Uprising however, the power of the CCP was largely diminished, unable to launch another major urban offensive for years.
In KMT historiography, the event is occasionally referred to as the April 12 Purge (simplified Chinese: 四一二清党; traditional Chinese: 四一二清黨; pinyin: Sìyī'èr Qīng Dǎng; Wade–Giles: Ssu4-i1-erh4 Ch'ing1 Tang3), while Communist historiography refers to the event as either the April 12 Counter-revolutionary Coup (simplified Chinese: 四一二反革命政变; traditional Chinese: 四一二反革命政變; pinyin: Sìyī'èr Fǎngémìng Zhèngbiàn; Wade–Giles: Ssu4-i1-erh4 Fan3-ko2-ming4 Cheng4-pien4) or the April 12 Massacre (Chinese: 四一二慘案; pinyin: Sìyī'èr Cǎn'àn; Wade–Giles: Ssu4-i1-erh4 Ts'an3-an4).
The April 12 Incident was rooted in the Kuomintang's alliance with the Soviet Union, formally initiated by the KMT founder Sun Yat-sen after discussions with Soviet diplomat Adolph Joffe in January 1923. The alliance included both financial and military aid as well as a small but important group of Soviet Comintern political and military advisors headed by Mikhail Borodin.
The Soviet Union's conditions included co-operation with the nascent Chinese Communist Party. Sun agreed to let the Communists join the KMT as individuals but ruled out an alliance with them or their participation as an organized bloc. In addition, he demanded that the Communists, upon joining the KMT, adhere to KMT ideology and observe party discipline. Following their admission to the KMT, Communist activities, often covert, soon attracted opposition to the alliance among prominent KMT members. The power-sharing arrangement was fragile, especially after the Second KMT Congress, whereby the Central Executive Committee lurched to the left with 6 out of the 9 members being leftists and communists. Furthermore, the KMT was still a bourgeois party and the new radicalism unnerved many landowning families. Internal conflicts between left-wing and right-wing factions of the KMT with regards to the United Front with the CCP continued right up to the launch of the Northern Expedition.
Plans for a Northern Expedition originated with Sun Yat-sen. After his expulsion from the government in Peking, he had, by 1920, made a military comeback and gained control of parts of Guangdong province. His goal was to extend his control over all of China, particularly Peking. After Sun's death from cancer in March 1925, KMT leaders continued to push the plan, and after they had purged Guangzhou's Communists and Soviet advisors during the "Canton Coup" on 20 March 1926, they finally launched the Expedition that same June. Initial successes in the first months of the Expedition soon saw the KMT National Revolutionary Army (NRA) in control of Guangdong and large areas in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, and Fujian.[citation needed]
With the growth of KMT authority and military strength, the struggle for control of the Party's direction and leadership intensified. In May 1926, a compromise was reached between Chiang and Borodin, with a series of resolutions passed that barred communists from heading KMT departments, holding more than a third of high level positions in KMT committees, creating factions with the KMT or allowing existing KMT members from joining the communists and compelling the CCP to provide a existing list of KMT members who had dual-loyalties, in return for Chiang's crackdown on the KMT right-wing faction, which infuriated the CCP as they ended up playing second fiddle to the Soviets. The CCP only regained its strength following a temporary alliance with the leftists in the KMT in December 1926.
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Shanghai massacre
The Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927, the April 12 Purge or the April 12 Incident as it is commonly known in China, was the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organizations and leftist elements in Shanghai by forces supporting General Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party or KMT). The event began the campaign of anti-communist repression in Nationalist China.
Following the incident, conservative KMT elements carried out a full-scale purge of communists in all areas under their control, and violent suppression occurred in Guangzhou and Changsha. The purge led to an open split between left-wing and right-wing factions in the KMT, with Chiang Kai-shek establishing himself as the leader of the right-wing faction based in Nanjing, in opposition to the original left-wing KMT government based in Wuhan, which was led by Wang Jingwei.
By 15 July 1927, the Wuhan regime had expelled the CCP from its ranks, effectively ending the First United Front, a working alliance between the KMT and the CCP under the tutelage of Communist International (Comintern) agents. For the rest of 1927, the CCP would fight to regain power, beginning the Autumn Harvest Uprising and culminating with the Nanchang Uprising, nominally commencing the Chinese Civil War. With the failure and the crushing of the Guangzhou Uprising however, the power of the CCP was largely diminished, unable to launch another major urban offensive for years.
In KMT historiography, the event is occasionally referred to as the April 12 Purge (simplified Chinese: 四一二清党; traditional Chinese: 四一二清黨; pinyin: Sìyī'èr Qīng Dǎng; Wade–Giles: Ssu4-i1-erh4 Ch'ing1 Tang3), while Communist historiography refers to the event as either the April 12 Counter-revolutionary Coup (simplified Chinese: 四一二反革命政变; traditional Chinese: 四一二反革命政變; pinyin: Sìyī'èr Fǎngémìng Zhèngbiàn; Wade–Giles: Ssu4-i1-erh4 Fan3-ko2-ming4 Cheng4-pien4) or the April 12 Massacre (Chinese: 四一二慘案; pinyin: Sìyī'èr Cǎn'àn; Wade–Giles: Ssu4-i1-erh4 Ts'an3-an4).
The April 12 Incident was rooted in the Kuomintang's alliance with the Soviet Union, formally initiated by the KMT founder Sun Yat-sen after discussions with Soviet diplomat Adolph Joffe in January 1923. The alliance included both financial and military aid as well as a small but important group of Soviet Comintern political and military advisors headed by Mikhail Borodin.
The Soviet Union's conditions included co-operation with the nascent Chinese Communist Party. Sun agreed to let the Communists join the KMT as individuals but ruled out an alliance with them or their participation as an organized bloc. In addition, he demanded that the Communists, upon joining the KMT, adhere to KMT ideology and observe party discipline. Following their admission to the KMT, Communist activities, often covert, soon attracted opposition to the alliance among prominent KMT members. The power-sharing arrangement was fragile, especially after the Second KMT Congress, whereby the Central Executive Committee lurched to the left with 6 out of the 9 members being leftists and communists. Furthermore, the KMT was still a bourgeois party and the new radicalism unnerved many landowning families. Internal conflicts between left-wing and right-wing factions of the KMT with regards to the United Front with the CCP continued right up to the launch of the Northern Expedition.
Plans for a Northern Expedition originated with Sun Yat-sen. After his expulsion from the government in Peking, he had, by 1920, made a military comeback and gained control of parts of Guangdong province. His goal was to extend his control over all of China, particularly Peking. After Sun's death from cancer in March 1925, KMT leaders continued to push the plan, and after they had purged Guangzhou's Communists and Soviet advisors during the "Canton Coup" on 20 March 1926, they finally launched the Expedition that same June. Initial successes in the first months of the Expedition soon saw the KMT National Revolutionary Army (NRA) in control of Guangdong and large areas in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, and Fujian.[citation needed]
With the growth of KMT authority and military strength, the struggle for control of the Party's direction and leadership intensified. In May 1926, a compromise was reached between Chiang and Borodin, with a series of resolutions passed that barred communists from heading KMT departments, holding more than a third of high level positions in KMT committees, creating factions with the KMT or allowing existing KMT members from joining the communists and compelling the CCP to provide a existing list of KMT members who had dual-loyalties, in return for Chiang's crackdown on the KMT right-wing faction, which infuriated the CCP as they ended up playing second fiddle to the Soviets. The CCP only regained its strength following a temporary alliance with the leftists in the KMT in December 1926.
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