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Slavs in Lower Pannonia
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Slavs in Lower Pannonia
Early Slavs settled in the eastern and southern parts of the former Roman province of Pannonia. The term Lower Pannonia was used to designate those areas of the Pannonian Plain that lie to the east and south of the river Rába, with the division into Upper and Lower inherited from the Roman terminology.
From the middle of the 6th to the end of the 8th century, the Slavic inhabitants of the region lived under the rule of the Pannonian Avars. By the beginning of the 9th century, after the Avar Wars, the Avar Khaganate was and replaced by the Frankish Empire, which lasted until the Magyar conquest (c. 900).
Within the Frankish administrative system, the March of Pannonia was created. Direct Frankish rule was exercised in Upper Pannonia, while local Slavic princes governed the Principality of Lower Pannonia under Frankish suzerainty. During the 9th century, Frankish domination in Lower Pannonia was also contested by the Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia.
By the 10th century, the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin split the Slavs in the region into the West Slavs and the South Slavs.
Roman rule in Pannonia collapsed during the 5th century, and was replaced by the rules of Huns, Ostrogoths and Lombards. During the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justin II (565–578), and following the Lombard-Gepid War in 567, Avars invaded Pannonia and conquered almost all of the Pannonian Plain. The first indications of the presence of Proto-Slavic groups in Pannonia occur in the 5th century during Hunnic rule. In the 6th and 7th centuries, the inhabitants of Pannonia were certainly Early Slavs. In the mid-9th century, Lower Pannonia was already inhabited by a Slavic majority (besides "Pannonian Slavs" including Dulebes and possibly some Croats), and Christian Avars were also found in Lower Pannonia in 873.
During the Avar wars, the Royal Frankish Annals mentioned a Wonomyrus Sclavus (Vojnomir the Slav or Zvonomir the Slav) active in 795. Eric, Duke of Friuli, sent Vojnomir with his army into Pannonia, between the Danube and Tisza rivers, where they pillaged the Avars' dominions. The next year the Avars were defeated and Frankish power was extended further east, to the central Danube.
After the destruction of the Avarian state, Pannonian Slavs came under Frankish rule. Initially, local Slavic princes were under Frankish suzerainty, within the March of Pannonia, and some of them are known from Frankish primary sources. Prince Ljudevit was mentioned in the Royal Frankish Annals as Duke of Lower Pannonia (Latin: Liudewiti, ducis Pannoniae inferioris). He led an uprising against the Franks from 811 to 822. The motives for the uprising are unknown, but are presumed to include a desire for greater autonomy. He was joined by the Carantanians, Carniolans, and reportedly by Slavs around Salzburg. Fortunatus II, Patriarch of Grado, supported him. Their combined strength was comparable to the former Avar Khaganate.
Ljudevit's stronghold was in Sisak (Latin: Siscia), former metropolis of ancient Roman province Pannonia Savia. However, the exact boundaries of his principality are uncertain as the term "Lower Pannonian" could have implied both the lands between the river Drava and Sava as well as north of them and east of them in the former Roman province Pannonia Secunda (today's Syrmia). It is possible that his rule extended further east, because historical sources state that the tribe of Timočani who lived around Timok Valley (in today's eastern Serbia) joined him. He rebelled against the military forces of Borna of Dalmatia and the Franks.
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Slavs in Lower Pannonia
Early Slavs settled in the eastern and southern parts of the former Roman province of Pannonia. The term Lower Pannonia was used to designate those areas of the Pannonian Plain that lie to the east and south of the river Rába, with the division into Upper and Lower inherited from the Roman terminology.
From the middle of the 6th to the end of the 8th century, the Slavic inhabitants of the region lived under the rule of the Pannonian Avars. By the beginning of the 9th century, after the Avar Wars, the Avar Khaganate was and replaced by the Frankish Empire, which lasted until the Magyar conquest (c. 900).
Within the Frankish administrative system, the March of Pannonia was created. Direct Frankish rule was exercised in Upper Pannonia, while local Slavic princes governed the Principality of Lower Pannonia under Frankish suzerainty. During the 9th century, Frankish domination in Lower Pannonia was also contested by the Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia.
By the 10th century, the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin split the Slavs in the region into the West Slavs and the South Slavs.
Roman rule in Pannonia collapsed during the 5th century, and was replaced by the rules of Huns, Ostrogoths and Lombards. During the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justin II (565–578), and following the Lombard-Gepid War in 567, Avars invaded Pannonia and conquered almost all of the Pannonian Plain. The first indications of the presence of Proto-Slavic groups in Pannonia occur in the 5th century during Hunnic rule. In the 6th and 7th centuries, the inhabitants of Pannonia were certainly Early Slavs. In the mid-9th century, Lower Pannonia was already inhabited by a Slavic majority (besides "Pannonian Slavs" including Dulebes and possibly some Croats), and Christian Avars were also found in Lower Pannonia in 873.
During the Avar wars, the Royal Frankish Annals mentioned a Wonomyrus Sclavus (Vojnomir the Slav or Zvonomir the Slav) active in 795. Eric, Duke of Friuli, sent Vojnomir with his army into Pannonia, between the Danube and Tisza rivers, where they pillaged the Avars' dominions. The next year the Avars were defeated and Frankish power was extended further east, to the central Danube.
After the destruction of the Avarian state, Pannonian Slavs came under Frankish rule. Initially, local Slavic princes were under Frankish suzerainty, within the March of Pannonia, and some of them are known from Frankish primary sources. Prince Ljudevit was mentioned in the Royal Frankish Annals as Duke of Lower Pannonia (Latin: Liudewiti, ducis Pannoniae inferioris). He led an uprising against the Franks from 811 to 822. The motives for the uprising are unknown, but are presumed to include a desire for greater autonomy. He was joined by the Carantanians, Carniolans, and reportedly by Slavs around Salzburg. Fortunatus II, Patriarch of Grado, supported him. Their combined strength was comparable to the former Avar Khaganate.
Ljudevit's stronghold was in Sisak (Latin: Siscia), former metropolis of ancient Roman province Pannonia Savia. However, the exact boundaries of his principality are uncertain as the term "Lower Pannonian" could have implied both the lands between the river Drava and Sava as well as north of them and east of them in the former Roman province Pannonia Secunda (today's Syrmia). It is possible that his rule extended further east, because historical sources state that the tribe of Timočani who lived around Timok Valley (in today's eastern Serbia) joined him. He rebelled against the military forces of Borna of Dalmatia and the Franks.
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