Saint Verhaegen

The first academic year of the Free University of Brussels began on 20 November 1834, a date that was initially celebrated with a day off from classes. In 1843, the Union des Anciens Etudiants (UAE) alumni association was founded, and from 1859, it organised annual gatherings on 20 November in Brussels' bars, featuring a spectacular punch followed by a banquet. The punch soon became a recurring element in festive university occasions.^[1]

On 20 November 1888, amid tensions with professors and administrators, students decided to openly honour their founder, Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen, for establishing free inquiry [fr; nl] (French: libre examen, Dutch: vrij onderzoek). That morning, 200 of the university's 1,400 students, many of them freemasons (as Verhaegen was also the founder of the Grand Orient of Belgium), assembled at Verhaegen's statue, and dressed in formal attire, marched in procession to his tomb in Brussels Cemetery to lay flowers. The press ironically described the gesture as a "canonisation", a term the students quickly embraced, giving birth to Saint Verhaegen and embedding a critical, satirical element into the tradition. Two years later, academic authorities joined the commemoration for the first time.^[1]

In following years, the event evolved into a long procession along the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan (Brussels' main boulevard), in which students marched with much fanfare, waving the flags of their respective organisations. From 1911, students also paid tribute to the statue of the Spanish education reformer Francisco Ferrer, a symbol of free thought, intellectual freedom, and rationalist education. The festive aspect initially began only in the late afternoon, but after the university relocated to its Solbosch/Solbos campus in the 1920s, the day split into a morning ceremony and an afternoon parade. The Ferrer statue, removed during the First World War by the occupying forces because of its symbolic value, was relocated several times in the 1920s, ultimately being placed opposite the ULB's rectorate in 1984 to mark the university's 150th anniversary.

In 1921, the ULB presented the first student uniform to Manneken Pis, which was later stolen and replaced; over the years, various university associations, such as the Kring der Brusselse en Brabantse Studenten (KBS), have continued the tradition of dressing the statue, and they are still involved in this aspect of the celebration. By the 1930s, celebrations often extended over several days. In 1930, tributes were held on 19 November, followed by ceremonies on 20 November honouring the Unknown Soldier, Ferrer and Verhaegen, and the war dead, before concluding at dawn on 21 November with onion soup at the Moeder Lambic café.^[1]

At least since the 1930s, visiting Manneken Pis became a regular part of Saint Verhaegen, with many celebrants greeting the statue during the festivities. Some male students strongly identified with the statue as a symbol of Brussels, occasionally mimicking its pose, to the surprise of onlookers. Students usually also sang a hymn during these visits.^[1]

The tradition continued during both world wars with adaptations. During the First World War, alumni and students not in the trenches gathered in De Panne. In 1939–1941, the parade was replaced by collections for the families of mobilised soldiers, and in 1942–43, commemorations were organised in exile in London, with additional celebrations in New York, Lisbon, and the Belgian Congo. After the university reopened in 1944, students visited the statues of Verhaegen, the Unknown Soldier, and Ferrer, concluding at the Centre for Fine Arts. The traditional parade returned in 1945, after a six-year absence.^[1]

Immediately after the Second World War, flowers were placed at Frans Kufferath's grave, a student who fell in 1940 and symbolises all students who died as soldiers or Resistance members. Until the 1960s, students also visited the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier during the morning programme. Since 1963, tribute has been paid at the Enclosure of the executed (former National Shooting Range) in Schaerbeek, with a short biography of each executed student read aloud and a rose laid on their grave, accompanied by trumpet fanfare. On the Solbosch campus, flowers are placed at the monument commemorating the victims of barbarity, and since 1997, at the Groupe G monument, a Belgian Resistance group founded by former students of the university and that initially consisted largely of students.^[1]

Between the post-war period and 1969, Flemish students regularly used their speaking rights during Saint Verhaegen to demand the division of the university and the creation of a Dutch-speaking university in Brussels. These demands were eventually addressed with the division of the university into the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) in 1970, which gave the celebration a special significance for the Flemish student community.^[1]

From the late 1980s, stricter safety regulations were introduced. Supervisors were appointed to monitor floats, alcohol restrictions were enforced, and practices such as throwing flour were banned. Measures were added to encourage responsible drinking, including stands with water and soft drinks, lower-alcohol beer, plastic cups instead of glass, mobile toilets to prevent public urination, and awareness booths where participants could test their reflexes under simulated intoxication.^[1][3]

In the same decade, the VUB community also paid tribute to the statue of Thyl and Nele at the Ixelles Ponds. The municipality of Ixelles had honoured the freethinking, anti-clerical author Charles De Coster fifteen years after his death with a monument representing the heroes of his book The Legend of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak. Thyl and Nele, part of the Geuzen legend, symbolise resistance against Spanish oppression, as well as the integration of Flemish and Germanic mythology into Francophone literature in Belgium.^[1]

Since 2001, professors and the Brussels City Council have sought to revitalise the ceremonial aspects of the event: Manneken Pis received a renewed costume, the puppet Woltje of the Royal Theatre Toone underwent a symbolic student baptism, and an additional prize was introduced for the student float competition. The parade takes place on foot and is centred on the Square du Grand Sablon/Grote Zavelsquare, where associations set up decorated stands and banners.^[1]

Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, the Brussels authorities cancelled the event for the first time since World War II. Many students ignored the ban, occupying the Grand Sablon and continuing the procession on foot.^[4] The following year, restrictions on transport trucks and alcohol were introduced, leading students to revive the historical practice of throwing flour, which traces back to a tradition of throwing eggs, flour, and water at the local Catholic bourgeoisie.^[5] In 2019, Saint Verhaegen was included in the inventory of intangible cultural heritage of the Brussels-Capital Region. ^[2][6][7]

Most student groups rent a large transport truck for the occasion, which they decorate in accordance with the year's theme. Each truck has a large number of kegs inside, and some students are designated to serve beer to the others all day, with an all-you-can-drink payment scheme. Many also bring large sound systems which play loud music all day. 2013's Saint Verhaegen saw 6,000 students and 27 transport trucks take part in the procession.^[8]

The students first meet at the Square du Grand Sablon/Grote Zavelsquare in central Brussels, and after several hours, the trucks start to move towards the Bourse Palace on the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan. This takes several hours as well, as the trucks move only at a walking speed and are more often than not stopped due to the students surrounding them and on the road. Beer may not be served while the trucks are in motion. All roads which the procession goes on are closed to other traffic, including the Boulevard Anspach. The students then disperse and reconvene around 9 p.m. at the ULB's Solbosch/Solbos campus, where all the year's decorations are burnt semi-ceremonially.^[9] Many alumni come to the university's discothèque on that night, which is normally only open to current students.

Since 1931, Saint Verhaegen has been given a yearly theme, which usually critically addresses current events. These themes are generally based on the values of the universities, particularly liberalism, humanism, and anticlericalism. However, political themes are not shunned either, with students often using Saint Verhaegen to raise awareness on social problems, ideological issues and humanitarian crises. Fascism, the School Struggle, state reforms, community fault lines, language politics, abortion, apartheid, human rights, freedom of speech, nationalism, migration, terrorism, climate change, poverty, the far-right, etc., among others, have already formed the theme of the celebration.

In practice, the annual theme often emerges in the decorations of the floats, the party stands on the Sablon and is expressed on banners and signs.^{[clarification needed]} Since 1938, the organisation has also issued an official medal every year, which features an often explicit illustration. Initially this was done by the Association Générale des Etudiants (AGE), later the ACE and the BSG took on this task.^[10] A competition is usually held for the design of the medals, in which VUB and ULB students are allowed to submit their designs.

Associations and individuals also regularly issue medals on their own initiative at Saint Verhaegen that are separate from the official theme. Given their long tradition and limited circulation, the medals have become coveted collector's items among some, such as in 1988, for the event's 100th anniversary.

Year	Theme	Note	Medals
1931	De libertee van de peerdefamille.
1938	Le fascisme.
1946	Le lauréat.
1950	L'incivisme et les fléaux qu'il engendre.
1952	À bas la calotte.
1953	L'amnistie.
1954	Autres temps… autre mœurs.
1955	In calotta venenum.
1956	La guerre interplanétaire.
1957	Spoutnik et fusées.
1958	La conquête de l'espace. - Expo 58.
1959	La pensée ne doit jamais se soumettre.	125th anniversary of the Free University of Brussels
1960	La loi unique et l'austérité qui en découle.
1961	ONU soit qui mal y pense.
1962	L'œcuménisme.
1963	L'antimilitarisme.
1964	St V équestre.
1965	Pacem in tenis.
1966	L'ULB à la plaine des manœuvres.
1967	Le St V des Saints.
1968	St Volympique.
1969	Part(ur)ition de l'U.L.B.
1970	L'antipollution.
1971	St V Impériale.
1972	Gaston la Gaffe et son 107 (k) water closed. - La pénurie des sens.
1973	On en a Plaine le KUL
1974	L'inflation calotante.
1975	St V de deuil.	The celebrations were canceled and replaced by the students with a 'mourning march' carrying a coffin to the Sablon in protest of the Humblet-De Croo law that revised higher education funding.
1976	Le schisme de l'Église.
1977	La régionalisation.
1978	Rencontre du pape.
1979	Mille ans de pucelles.
1980	St V de misère.
	Ras le bol.
1981	Dépénalisez l'Avortement.
1982	Allons enfants de l'apathie.
1983	St V de moutons.
1984	Le Déclin Scientifique. E=CM²
1985	Contre l'apartheid.
1986	l'An Saignant.
1987	Les intégristes aux puces dei.
1988	Ras-le-bol de Pine… Hochet
	Droits de l'Homme
	1888-1988 : cent ans de St V.
1989	Liberté de sex primer.
1990	Le pacifisme. Le Koweït interrompu.
1991	Ça va Zaïre.
1992	Con s'separe pas.
1993	Insanitatis splendor.
1994	Ils étaient là. Merci, 50 ans après.	Commemoration of Groupe G.
1995	En Saignée.
	Otan savoir.
1996	Démocratie - Pas des mots gratuits.
1997	L'an pire des médias.
1998	L'étroit de l'homme dégradation universelle — Verjaring Mensenrechten
1999	Coïto ergo sum.
2000	Débloquons Anvers et contre tout — Hopelijk valt de winter vroeg in Antwerpen.
2001	God blesse la paix — God, te VREDEn gebracht.
2002	Catholique Dangereusement Hypocrite — Caloten Dood & Vrolijk
2003	1888-2003 Arme de protection massive — Let the pope rest.
2004	À la redécouverte de la St V herondekt
2005	La réunion fait la force.
2006	150 ans de fraternité.
2007	Scientia vincere tenebras!
2008	La crise de liquidité — Crisis van het (Beurs) klimaat.
2009	Francisco Ferrer - 1909-2009
	Niqab ni calotte?
	Bleu de toi, Rouge de colère.
2010	Een gelaten regering… Laissez faire et en rire?
2011	Noyés dans la médiacrité.
2012	Ceci n'est pas une caricature.
2013	Philippe pour tous. Waar is Laurent?
2014	Guerres dans le monde 100 Guerre mondiale — Wereld in oorlog, geen wereldoorlog?
2015	#ToutEstOublié — Vergeten en vergeven.	The event was canceled due to increased terror threats, but students held an impromptu and ultimately allowed celebration on.
2016	Sortie d’urgence, virez à droite — Indien nood, keer naar rechts.
2017	Asiel voor de migrants, opkuisen les gouvernements.
2018	Librex bafoué, universités engagées? — Recht staan in plaats van ondergaan.
2019	Minderbedeeld of minder verdeeld, citoyens invisibles et gouvernements nuisibles.
2020	Met afstand maar niet afstandelijk, confiné.e.s mais pas aveuglé.e.s.	Canceled due to the Covid-19 crisis, replaced with an online event to raise funds for charity, and unlike in 2015, no large spontaneous gathering occurred.
2021	Libre de détruire mais pas d’accueillir. Uitstoot toegestaan, grenzen toegedaan.	On October 12, 2021, it was announced that Sint-Verhaegen could proceed with a Covid Safe Ticket, but on November 12, the VUB and ULB postponed the event to March 18, 2022, due to rising Covid-19 cases, leading students to protest on November 19, which was eventually allowed by the authorities.
2022	Baar uw wetten zonder het aborteren van onze rechten — Accouchez vos lois sans avortez pas nos droits.
2023	«Accrochez-vous» c'est bien — Ons financieren is beter!
2024	Violation du droit humanitaire, c’est le peuple qu’on enterre. — Respecteer de verdragen blijf trouw aan Verhaegen.	[11]

• History of Brussels
• Culture of Belgium
• Ommegang of Brussels
• Meyboom
• Royal Theatre Toone