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Tarbela Dam
Tarbela Dam (Pashto: د توربېلې بند, Hindko: تربیلا بند) is an earth-filled dam on the Indus River in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. It is mainly located in Haripur Tehsil. The dam lies in the vicinity of the town of Topi, 105 km (65 mi) northwest of Islamabad and 125 km (80 mi) east of Peshawar. It is the largest earth-filled dam in the world. The dam is 143 metres (470 ft) high above the riverbed, and its reservoir, Tarbela Lake, has a surface area of approximately 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi).[citation needed]
The Tarbela Dam is positioned where the Indus River emerges from the foothills of the Himalayas and enters the Pothohar Plateau, the dam features a reservoir to store water for irrigation, flood control, and the generation of hydroelectric power by storing flows during the monsoon period while subsequently releasing stored water during the low flow period in winter. The average annual flow available is 101 billion cubic meters (3221 m3/sec). It has a storage capacity of 11.9 billion cubic meters. The dam was completed in 1976. The installed capacity of the 4,888 MW Tarbela hydroelectric power stations will increase to 6,418 MW after completion of the planned fifth extension financed by Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the World Bank. Then, it will be the 12th largest hydroelectric dam in the world, for electricity production capacity.
The dam is at a narrow spot in the Indus River valley, named after the town of Tarbela in the Haripur District of the Hazara Division within the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
The main dam wall, built of earth and rock fill, stretches 2,743 metres (8,999 ft) from the island to river right, standing 148 metres (486 ft) high. A pair of concrete auxiliary dams spans the river from the island to river left. The dam's two spillways are near the auxiliary dams rather than the main dam. The main service spillway has a discharge capacity of 18,406 cubic metres per second (650,000 cu ft/s) and the auxiliary spillway, 24,070 cubic metres per second (850,000 cu ft/s). Annually, over 70% of water discharged at Tarbela passes over the spillways without being used for hydropower generation.
Five large tunnels were constructed as part of the outlet works. Hydroelectricity is now generated from turbines in tunnel 1 through 4, while tunnel 5 is used for irrigation use. This tunnel is to be converted to hydropower use to increase Tarbela's electricity-generating capacity. The first four tunnels were originally used to divert the river while the dam was being constructed.
MA hydroelectric power plant on the right side of the main dam houses 17 generators fed with water from outlet tunnels 1, 2, and 3. There are four 175 MW generators on tunnel 1, six 175 MW generators on tunnel 2, four 432 MW generators on tunnel 3 and three 470 MW generators on tunnel 4, for a total generating capacity of 4,888 MW.
Tarbela Reservoir is 80.5 kilometres (50.0 mi) long, with a surface area of 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi). The reservoir initially stored 11,600,000 acre-feet (14.3 km3) of water, with a live storage of 9,700,000 acre-feet (12.0 km3), though this figure has been reduced over the subsequent 35 years of operation to 6,800,000 acre-feet (8.4 km3) due to silting. The maximum elevation of the reservoir is 1,550 ft (470 m) above MSL and the minimum operating elevation is 1,392 ft (424 m) above MSL. The catchment area upriver of the Tarbela Dam is spread over 168,000 square kilometres (65,000 sq mi) of land largely supplemented by snow and glacier melt from the southern slopes of the Himalayas. There are two main Indus River tributaries upstream of the Tarbela Dam. These are the Shyok River, joining near Skardu, and the Siran River near Tarbela.
Tarbela Dam was constructed as part of the Indus Basin Project after signing of the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. The purpose was to compensate for the loss of water supplies of the eastern rivers (Ravi, Sutlej and Beas) that were designated for exclusive use by India per terms of the treaty. By the mid-1970s, power generation capacity was added in three subsequent hydro-electrical project extensions which were completed in 1992, installing a total of 3,478 MW generating capacity.
Tarbela Dam
Tarbela Dam (Pashto: د توربېلې بند, Hindko: تربیلا بند) is an earth-filled dam on the Indus River in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. It is mainly located in Haripur Tehsil. The dam lies in the vicinity of the town of Topi, 105 km (65 mi) northwest of Islamabad and 125 km (80 mi) east of Peshawar. It is the largest earth-filled dam in the world. The dam is 143 metres (470 ft) high above the riverbed, and its reservoir, Tarbela Lake, has a surface area of approximately 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi).[citation needed]
The Tarbela Dam is positioned where the Indus River emerges from the foothills of the Himalayas and enters the Pothohar Plateau, the dam features a reservoir to store water for irrigation, flood control, and the generation of hydroelectric power by storing flows during the monsoon period while subsequently releasing stored water during the low flow period in winter. The average annual flow available is 101 billion cubic meters (3221 m3/sec). It has a storage capacity of 11.9 billion cubic meters. The dam was completed in 1976. The installed capacity of the 4,888 MW Tarbela hydroelectric power stations will increase to 6,418 MW after completion of the planned fifth extension financed by Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the World Bank. Then, it will be the 12th largest hydroelectric dam in the world, for electricity production capacity.
The dam is at a narrow spot in the Indus River valley, named after the town of Tarbela in the Haripur District of the Hazara Division within the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
The main dam wall, built of earth and rock fill, stretches 2,743 metres (8,999 ft) from the island to river right, standing 148 metres (486 ft) high. A pair of concrete auxiliary dams spans the river from the island to river left. The dam's two spillways are near the auxiliary dams rather than the main dam. The main service spillway has a discharge capacity of 18,406 cubic metres per second (650,000 cu ft/s) and the auxiliary spillway, 24,070 cubic metres per second (850,000 cu ft/s). Annually, over 70% of water discharged at Tarbela passes over the spillways without being used for hydropower generation.
Five large tunnels were constructed as part of the outlet works. Hydroelectricity is now generated from turbines in tunnel 1 through 4, while tunnel 5 is used for irrigation use. This tunnel is to be converted to hydropower use to increase Tarbela's electricity-generating capacity. The first four tunnels were originally used to divert the river while the dam was being constructed.
MA hydroelectric power plant on the right side of the main dam houses 17 generators fed with water from outlet tunnels 1, 2, and 3. There are four 175 MW generators on tunnel 1, six 175 MW generators on tunnel 2, four 432 MW generators on tunnel 3 and three 470 MW generators on tunnel 4, for a total generating capacity of 4,888 MW.
Tarbela Reservoir is 80.5 kilometres (50.0 mi) long, with a surface area of 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi). The reservoir initially stored 11,600,000 acre-feet (14.3 km3) of water, with a live storage of 9,700,000 acre-feet (12.0 km3), though this figure has been reduced over the subsequent 35 years of operation to 6,800,000 acre-feet (8.4 km3) due to silting. The maximum elevation of the reservoir is 1,550 ft (470 m) above MSL and the minimum operating elevation is 1,392 ft (424 m) above MSL. The catchment area upriver of the Tarbela Dam is spread over 168,000 square kilometres (65,000 sq mi) of land largely supplemented by snow and glacier melt from the southern slopes of the Himalayas. There are two main Indus River tributaries upstream of the Tarbela Dam. These are the Shyok River, joining near Skardu, and the Siran River near Tarbela.
Tarbela Dam was constructed as part of the Indus Basin Project after signing of the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. The purpose was to compensate for the loss of water supplies of the eastern rivers (Ravi, Sutlej and Beas) that were designated for exclusive use by India per terms of the treaty. By the mid-1970s, power generation capacity was added in three subsequent hydro-electrical project extensions which were completed in 1992, installing a total of 3,478 MW generating capacity.
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