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Three Orphan Kittens
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| Three Orphan Kittens | |
|---|---|
 A screenshot of the film's title card. | |
| Directed by | David Hand |
| Story by | |
| Produced by | Walt Disney |
| Starring |
|
| Music by | Frank Churchill |
| Animation by |
|
| Layouts by | Ken Anderson |
| Color process | Technicolor |
Production company | |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
Release date |
|
Running time | 9 min |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
Three Orphan Kittens is a 1935 animated short film in the Silly Symphonies series produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was the winner of the 1935 Oscar for Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoons).[2] It was followed in 1936 by a sequel, More Kittens.[3]
Plot
[edit]The film tells the story of three kittens, one black, one orange and one grey, and their adventures in a house. It begins with the kittens left out in the snow. They then notice the house nearby and enter it for shelter. They arrive at its kitchen, and begin to play there after the house's Black mammy housekeeper has finished preparing a meal. After more playing in various areas of the house, the film switches its focus to one particular kitten, the black one, who is chasing a feather and eventually ends up on a pianola keyboard. The kitten starts to play with the feather walking down the piano keyboard and the feather lands on the "on" switch with the kitten presses and the then-revealed pianola begins to play; ironically it is playing a variation of "Kitten on the Keys", a song composed by Zez Confrey in 1921. The other two kittens rejoin the first and play around the pianola. When the pianola finishes its song, the kittens leave it and are caught by the housekeeper. As she prepares to throw them out, she is stopped by a little girl who decides to adopt the kittens.
Production
[edit]The film was produced as an entry in Disney's Silly Symphonies series. At the time, the Symphonies were being used as a vehicle to test the techniques which would be used in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and to provide an informal on-the-job training program to prepare artists for the elaborate scenes that would be included in the studio's feature-length productions.[4] As such, the films were intended to focus on the characters, which were intended to be cute, rather than a particularly developed narrative.[5] There is also a tracking camera sequence in the cartoon where the kittens are running past and between a table, chairs and a piano on a wooden floor, all of it redrawn for every frame, to give it a three dimensional appearance.[6] It was directed by David Hand, who would later direct Snow White, and animated by Ken Anderson.[1][7] Like all Silly Symphonies made after 1932, it was produced in three-strip Technicolor.[8] The film was copyrighted on November 20, 1935, nearly a month after its release.[9]
Releases
[edit]The film was originally released theatrically in the United States on October 26, 1935.[1] In 1937, it was re-released as part of the Academy Award Review of Walt Disney Cartoons, along with four other Academy Award-winning Disney shorts.[10]
Home media
[edit]In 1993, it appeared in a compilation videocassette of Award-winning Disney shorts entitled How the Best Was Won.[11][12] It has also been found on VHS tapes of Dumbo, along with Father Noah's Ark and The Practical Pig.
The short was released on December 19, 2006, on Walt Disney Treasures: More Silly Symphonies, Volume Two.[3]
Censorship
[edit]The original version of Three Orphan Kittens contains a scene in which the black kitten encounters a doll that, when flipped by the kitten, becomes a stereotypical African-American girl, which shouts "Mammy!" (a recycled voice clip from Santa's Workshop). In the 1950s and 1960s, when Disney began editing their cartoons before they were broadcast on television, the scene was removed from the film.[13] The film appears uncensored on the 2006 DVD More Silly Symphonies, where it is placed in a section entitled "From the Vault" along with other cartoons featuring stereotypes, which is prefaced with an introduction by Leonard Maltin.[14]
Reception
[edit]The Film Daily (Oct 31, 1935): "Looks as if Walt Disney has hit on something as entrancing as his three little pigs in these three kittens... The three cute kittens will prove a wow — especially in that sequence where they go to bat with the automatic playing piano and come off second best. That piece of business is a laugh riot."[15]
National Exhibitor (Nov 20, 1935): "The three kittens come in out of the snow storm, upset household, exploring in the kitchen and parlor, spilling pies, smashing furniture. Excellent color and appealing characterizations of kittens mark this. Excellent."[15]
Boxoffice (Dec 7, 1935): "Walt Disney's latest Silly Symphony promises to attract the popularity of his Three Little Pigs, certainly one of finest cartoon subjects ever produced. The kittens of the title role are just as cute as the little porkies of the previous short, while their adventures are so delightfully amusing that the patrons will exit from the theatre singing its praises... [The player-piano] proves to be the picture's high spot and will keep audiences in a riot of laughter. Color work is again excellent, short is ideal for youngsters, perfect for adults, and will fit into any bill, any time, any where."[15]
Comic adaptation
[edit]The Silly Symphony Sunday comic strip ran a three-month-long adaptation of Three Orphan Kittens called "Three Little Kittens" from July 28 to October 20, 1935.[16]
Voice cast
[edit]- Unknown as Aunt Delilah
- Leone LeDoux as Little Girl and Kittens
- Esther Campbell as Chirps and Kittens[17]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Three Orphan Kittens (1935)". The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
- ^ Maltin, Leonard (1980). Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons. McGraw-Hill. p. 447. ISBN 0-07-039835-6.
- ^ a b Merritt, Russell; J. B. Kaufman; Cineteca del Friuli (2006). Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies: A Companion to the Classic Cartoon Series. La cineteca del Friuli. p. 167. ISBN 88-86155-27-1.
- ^ Merritt, Russell; J. B. Kaufman; Cineteca del Friuli (2006). Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies: a Companion to the Classic Cartoon Series. La Cineteca del Friuli. p. 25. ISBN 88-86155-27-1.
- ^ Sandler, Kevin S. (1998). Reading the Rabbit: Explorations in Warner Bros. Animation. Rutgers University Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-8135-2538-1. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
- ^ A Silly Symphonies Marathon - Skwigly Animation Magazine
- ^ Furniss, Maureen (1998). Art in Motion: Animation Aestheticsis. Indiana University Press. p. 68. ISBN 1-86462-039-0 – via Google Books.
- ^ Gabler, Neal (2006). Walt Disney: the Triumph of the American Imagination. Knopf. p. 177. ISBN 0-679-43822-X.
- ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office (1936). Catalog of Copyright Entries. Part 1. [B] Group 2. Pamphlets, Etc. New Series. p. 1164 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Academy Award Review of Walt Disney Cartoons (1937) - Movie connections". The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
- ^ Sandra Brennan (2009). "How the Best Was Won: 1933-1960 - Walt Disney Cartoon Classics Limited Gold Edition - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
- ^ "Disney Shorts - Three Orphan Kittens". Disney Shorts. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
- ^ Cohen, Karl F. (2004). Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. McFarland & Company. pp. 68–69. ISBN 0-7864-2032-4. Retrieved 3 March 2009 – via Google Books.
- ^ Maltin, Leonard (Presenter) (2006-12-19). Walt Disney Treasures: More Silly Symphonies (DVD). Burbank, California: Buena Vista Home Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ a b c Sampson, Henry T. (1998). That's Enough, Folks: Black Images in Animated Cartoons, 1900-1960. Scarecrow Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0810832503.
- ^ Taliaferro, Al; Osborne, Ted; De Maris, Merrill (2016). Silly Symphonies: The Complete Disney Classics, vol 2. San Diego: IDW Publishing. ISBN 978-1631408045.
- ^ Scott, Keith (3 October 2022). Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2. BearManor Media. p. 519.
External links
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Three Orphan Kittens
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
Synopsis and Production
Plot Summary
"Three Orphan Kittens" depicts three kittens—one black, one orange, and one grey—abandoned in a bag over a fence into a snowy yard outside a house during winter. Shivering from the cold, the kittens discover an open basement window and enter the warm interior to explore.[6][7] In the kitchen, the playful trio encounters a table laden with food; one kitten tussles with a fruit pie, another peers into an empty milk bottle, and the third scatters pepper from a shaker, leading to a sneeze that propels it headfirst into the bottle. Venturing further, they romp through a room of toys before reaching a player piano, which they activate, causing the keys to rhythmically bounce and juggle them amid the melody "Kitten on the Keys." Their destructive frolics culminate in discovery by the housekeeper, who grabs them to cast them back into the snow.[6][8][7] The young daughter of the household intervenes, overriding the housekeeper's intent and adopting the kittens as her pets, thereby securing their refuge. Two of the kittens warmly embrace their new owner, while the third shows reluctance upon being fitted with a bonnet.[2][6]Development and Animation Techniques
"Three Orphan Kittens" was produced by Walt Disney Productions as part of the Silly Symphonies series, with David Hand serving as director.[9] The short, released on October 26, 1935, featured a simple narrative of three kittens—black, tabby, and white—entering a house during a snowstorm and engaging in destructive play, eventually finding refuge with the homeowner's daughter.[2] Development emphasized character-driven antics synchronized to music, building on the series' tradition of non-dialogue shorts that prioritized visual storytelling and rhythmic animation over recurring characters.[10] Animation techniques relied on traditional hand-drawn cel methods, with animators using multiple overlaid cels to layer foreground, midground, and background elements for simulated depth.[11] Kenneth Anderson contributed key sequences, including moving backgrounds that created an illusion of perspective and camera tracking as the kittens navigated rooms, predating the full multiplane camera introduced in later Disney works like "The Old Mill" (1937).[11] Innovators employed forced perspective and rescaling effects, such as the maid's feet approaching the implied lens with adjusted proportions to mimic depth of field, advancing spatial experimentation in 1930s cartoons.[12] Reflections in floor tiles and dynamic background shifts further enhanced realism, with actions timed to Frank Churchill's score for fluid, music-synced motion.[12] The production utilized the three-strip Technicolor process, standard for Silly Symphonies since "Flowers and Trees" (1932), to render vivid hues in fur, fabrics, and snowy exteriors, heightening the short's appeal through saturated, naturalistic coloring.[13] These techniques demonstrated Disney's push toward sophisticated visual depth and character expressiveness, contributing to the short's Academy Award win for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) in 1936.[9]Distribution and Preservation
Theatrical Release
"Three Orphan Kittens," a Silly Symphonies animated short produced by Walt Disney Productions, premiered theatrically in the United States on October 26, 1935.[14][2] The film was distributed by United Artists, which handled Disney's short subjects during this period.[3] As a standalone cartoon short, it was screened in theaters alongside feature films, contributing to the popularity of the Silly Symphonies series known for its musical synchronization and innovative animation.[14] International releases followed, including screenings in Sweden in 1936 and an appearance at the Venice Film Festival in August 1936.[15] Further distribution occurred in Czechoslovakia in December 1936 and a wider Italian release in 1937.[15]Home Media and Availability
Three Orphan Kittens was included as a bonus feature on various international VHS releases of Dumbo beginning in the mid-1980s, such as the United Kingdom edition issued on April 21, 1985, and the Australian version released in October 1989, alongside other shorts like Father Noah's Ark and The Practical Pig.[16][17] These tapes presented the short uncut, reflecting pre-sensitivity era distribution practices.[18] The cartoon received wider archival recognition with its inclusion on the Walt Disney Treasures: More Silly Symphonies DVD set, released on December 19, 2006, which compiled 32 Silly Symphonies from 1929 to 1938, including Three Orphan Kittens with optional audio commentary by animation historians Leonard Maltin and Floyd Norman.[19] This limited-edition collection emphasized preservation of early Disney works, though production values varied due to source material age.[20] No official Blu-ray edition has been produced, and as of October 2025, the short remains unavailable on Disney+ or other authorized streaming platforms, consistent with Disney's selective curation of pre-1940s content amid ongoing debates over historical racial depictions.[21][22] Physical copies of the DVD are out of print and primarily accessible via secondary markets.Awards and Recognition
Academy Award Achievement
Three Orphan Kittens won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) at the 8th Academy Awards, held on March 4, 1936, in Hollywood, California.[1] The award recognized the film's release in 1935 as part of Walt Disney Productions' Silly Symphonies series, with Walt Disney credited as producer.[1] This marked Disney's fourth victory in the category, following Flowers and Trees (1932), Three Little Pigs (1933), and The Tortoise and the Hare (1935), underscoring the studio's early dominance in animated shorts.[23] The film competed against The Calico Dragon, produced by Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and Who Killed Cock Robin?, another Disney entry directed by David Hand.[1] Academy voters, comprising members of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, selected Three Orphan Kittens for its innovative animation techniques, including fluid character movements and synchronized music, which exemplified the technical advancements of the era.[23] The win highlighted the growing prestige of animation within the film industry, as Disney's shorts consistently elevated the medium through detailed cel animation and orchestral scores composed by Leigh Harline.[23]Critical Reception
"Three Orphan Kittens" garnered positive reception upon its October 26, 1935, release, evidenced by its win for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) at the 8th Academy Awards on March 4, 1936, where it competed against strong entries like Warner Bros.' "The Calico Dragon" and Ub Iwerks' "The Feast of the Flowers".[1] This accolade underscored contemporary praise for its charm, inventive gags, and animation quality amid the Silly Symphonies series' reputation for technical innovation.[1] Retrospective analyses highlight the short's appeal through cute character designs and elaborate sequences, such as the kittens interacting with a pianola and milk bottle, which animation reviewer Thad Komorowski described in 2014 as a "sweet cartoon" with sophisticated humor.[24] Animator and blogger Michael Sporn echoed this in 2009, deeming it "cute as all getout" for the orphans' mischievous antics, attributing its enduring draw to the blend of adorability and slapstick.[25] Disney animation histories note early experiments with depth illusion in backgrounds, like moving floor tiles with reflections, as a step toward advanced techniques, contributing to its technical acclaim.[26] Modern viewer assessments average 6.8 out of 10 on IMDb from 1,418 ratings, reflecting sustained appreciation for its lighthearted execution despite dated elements.[2] Some contemporary critiques, such as a 2023 ranking, acknowledge its "well crafted low level staging" and cuteness, though finding it less engaging than narrative-driven peers. No aggregated critic scores exist on platforms like Rotten Tomatoes due to the era's limited formal reviewing of shorts.[27]Cultural Depictions and Controversies
Character Portrayals and Historical Context
The three titular kittens in the 1935 Silly Symphony short Three Orphan Kittens are anthropomorphic felines of distinct colors and personalities, depicted as mischievous orphans seeking shelter during a snowstorm. The black kitten, Tuffy, is portrayed as lazy and shuffling, drawing inspiration from the comedic style of Stepin Fetchit, a Black performer known for exaggerated slow-motion routines that played into stereotypes of indolence.[28] In contrast, the white kitten exhibits energetic playfulness, while the tabby kitten displays curiosity and agility, with the trio collectively causing household chaos through antics like sliding on furniture and batting at objects.[24] The human maid character, an unnamed Black domestic worker modeled after the "Mammy" archetype, serves as the antagonistic figure who attempts to evict the kittens, speaking in a dialect-heavy voice provided by actress Lillian Randolph. This portrayal features exaggerated physical traits, such as a large build, headscarf, and apron, reflecting pervasive Hollywood stereotypes of Black women as subservient housekeepers rooted in minstrel traditions and post-slavery imagery.[29] The young white girl of the household, who ultimately adopts the kittens, represents innocence and benevolence, intervening to save them from the maid and a protective St. Bernard dog, whose maternal role underscores themes of unlikely family bonds.[30] Produced amid the Great Depression, Three Orphan Kittens exemplifies early Disney animation's reliance on musical synchronization and visual gags within the Silly Symphonies series, which prioritized experimental techniques over recurring characters to showcase technical prowess ahead of features like Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.[26] Racial depictions in 1930s cartoons, including this short, mirrored broader cultural norms where Black characters were often caricatured for comedic effect, influenced by vaudeville and early film conventions, though such portrayals have since drawn criticism for perpetuating derogatory tropes without historical pushback at the time of release.[5] The film's Oscar win for Best Animated Short Subject in 1936 highlighted its appeal in contemporary audiences, prioritizing charm and innovation over scrutiny of ethnic representations.[31]Censorship Efforts and Debates
The 1935 Silly Symphonies short Three Orphan Kittens includes a sequence depicting a black-furred cat housekeeper with exaggerated physical features—such as large lips, a headscarf, and subservient mannerisms—that evokes the "mammy" archetype common in early 20th-century American media, often rooted in post-slavery caricatures of African American women.[5] This portrayal, while part of an anthropomorphic animal narrative, has been critiqued for reinforcing racial stereotypes prevalent in 1930s animation.[4] In the 1950s and 1960s, as Walt Disney Productions adapted its library for television syndication amid growing sensitivity to racial depictions, the housekeeper scene was systematically removed from broadcast prints of the short to mitigate potential backlash from audiences and regulators.[32] This editing aligned with broader industry practices, where networks like ABC and CBS imposed self-censorship on vintage cartoons featuring similar tropes, prioritizing commercial viability over historical fidelity. The excised version circulated widely on TV until the 1990s, limiting public access to the original 7-minute runtime. Subsequent home media releases restored the uncut film, including its VHS inclusion with Dumbo (1981) and the 2006 DVD Walt Disney Treasures: More Silly Symphonies, where it appeared in a dedicated "From the Vault" segment signaling archival but contentious material.[33] These restorations reflect ongoing debates among animation historians and preservation advocates, who contend that blanket excisions obscure cultural context—such as the era's normalized use of dialect and physiognomic exaggeration in shorts like Three Orphan Kittens—while risking erasure of evidence for how media evolved amid civil rights pressures; conversely, some media outlets and educators favor warnings or edits to avert reinforcing outdated biases without historical framing. No outright bans have occurred, though the short's availability on streaming platforms like Disney+ remains selective, often under content advisories introduced in 2020 for pre-1960s titles with "negative depictions" of race.[34]Adaptations and Legacy
Comic Adaptation
The Silly Symphonies Sunday comic strip, distributed by King Features Syndicate, adapted the 1935 animated short Three Orphan Kittens into a serialized storyline titled "Three Little Kittens," running for approximately three months from July 28 to October 20, 1935.[35] Written by Ted Osborne and illustrated by Al Taliaferro, the adaptation followed the core premise of three orphaned kittens—depicted as mischievous siblings—entering a home during winter, evading capture by the housekeeper, and engaging in playful destruction of furnishings before finding refuge with the household's young owner.[36] The narrative expanded on the cartoon's events with additional antics suited to the sequential format, though the adaptation remained loose in structure compared to the original film's concise runtime.[37] These Sunday pages, printed in color, emphasized visual gags and character expressions characteristic of Disney's early animation style, with Taliaferro's artwork capturing the kittens' dynamic poses and exaggerated reactions.[36] The strip's run coincided closely with the film's theatrical release on October 26, 1935, capitalizing on its promotion as an Academy Award contender.[35] Unlike the cartoon, which featured a controversial mammy archetype voiced in dialect, the comic focused primarily on the kittens' escapades without direct replication of those elements, prioritizing broad appeal for newspaper audiences.[37] Reprints of the "Three Little Kittens" strips appeared in later Disney anthologies, including Dell Comics' Walt Disney's Comics and Stories, drawing from the original Sunday pages.[38] Modern collections, such as IDW Publishing's Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies: The Complete Disney Classics Volume 2 (2017), have restored and recolored the artwork from Disney archives, using original proofs for accuracy and highlighting its place among other Silly Symphonies adaptations like those of The Three Little Pigs.[37] These efforts preserve the strip as an early example of cross-media expansion for Disney's Silly Symphonies series, bridging animation and newsprint storytelling during the 1930s.[39]Influence on Animation History
"Three Orphan Kittens," released on October 26, 1935, as part of Disney's Silly Symphonies series, exemplified advancements in character animation driven by animator Fred Moore. Moore's work on the short featured rounded, expressive designs and fluid squash-and-stretch movements that enhanced the kittens' playful personalities, contributing to the film's Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) in 1936.[24][40] This approach built on Moore's earlier innovations in shorts like "Three Little Pigs" (1933), influencing subsequent Disney character designs, including the distinct personalities of the dwarfs in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937).[41] The short also served as an early testing ground for techniques to simulate depth in animation, predating the full implementation of Disney's multiplane camera. Efforts in "Three Orphan Kittens" to create layered visual effects and spatial illusion informed the development of the multiplane device, a 14-foot-high apparatus costing $70,000, which debuted in "The Old Mill" (1937) and was refined for "Snow White."[26] Within the broader Silly Symphonies series (1929–1939), which included 75 shorts and secured seven Oscars, such experiments elevated animation from novelty to a sophisticated art form, emphasizing synchronized music, full-color processes introduced in "Flowers and Trees" (1932), and narrative structure.[26][42] Its domestic chaos viewed from a low, feline perspective influenced later cat-centric cartoons, notably providing a template for the destructive antics in MGM's Tom and Jerry series, as seen in the near-identical plotting of "Triplet Trouble" (1942).[10][43] The short's success underscored Disney's dominance in the 1930s, pressuring competitors like Warner Bros. and MGM to adopt similar personality-driven and technically ambitious styles, paving the way for the animated feature era.[26]Personnel
Voice Cast
The voices in Three Orphan Kittens were provided by a small group of performers, many uncredited as was standard for Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies series during the 1930s. Esther Campbell supplied meows and vocal effects for the three kittens—Fluffy (white), Muffy (tabby), and Tuffy (black)—appearing in this short and its 1936 sequel More Kittens.[44][45] Lillian Randolph, an African-American actress known for dialect roles in early animation, voiced the stereotypical "Mammy" doll character that animates and pursues the kittens, shouting "Mammy!" in a recycled clip from the 1932 short Santa's Workshop.[29] This role predates her more famous work as Mammy Two-Shoes in MGM's Tom and Jerry series starting in 1940. Additional kitten vocals were contributed by Purv Pullen, a Disney sound effects artist who also worked on other Silly Symphonies.[44] The unseen little girl owner of the dollhouse was voiced by Sara Berner, later prominent in Warner Bros. cartoons.[44]| Role | Voice Performer |
|---|---|
| Kittens (meows/effects) | Esther Campbell (uncredited)[44] |
| Mammy Doll | Lillian Randolph[29] |
| Additional Kittens | Purv Pullen[44] |
| Little Girl | Sara Berner[44] |