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Turned g
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Turned g
Turned g (lowercase: ᵷ, mathematical symbol: ⅁) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed by rotating g 180°. It is used to transliterate the Georgian letter ჹ. ჹ itself is the Georgian letter გ "g" rotated.
In 1844, Bartłomiej Beniowski created his Anti-absurd or Phenotypic alphabet, featuring turned g for the diphthong [aʊ].
In 1880, John Wesley Powell created a phonetic transcription for transcribing Native American languages in publications of the Smithsonian Institution. In the transcriptions, turned letters were used as supplementary characters.
In 1900, turned g was a proposed phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Association’s Exposé des principes to represent a voiceless laminal closed postalveolar sibilant, as found in Adyghe, and other Northwest Caucasian languages.
Franz Boas used turned g to represent the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] in his transcription of the Kwakʼwala language, published in American Anthropologist in 1900.
In 1921, Ivar Adolf Lyttkens and Fredrik Amadeus Wulff used turned g in their phonetic transcription, notably in Metodiska ljudöfningar published in 1892 or the dictionary Svensk ordlista published in 1921.
In 1929, Tadeusz Jan Kowalski used the turned g and turned k in Karaim language texts to represent an alveolar plosive pronounced as a velar plosive before the vowel [i]. Omeljan Pritsak reused this in a 1959 Karaim work.
Turned g represents a [ɢ] in the transcription of the Tabasaran language by Alexander Amarovich Magometov in his book Табасаранский язык: Исследование и тексты (Tabasaranskij jazyk: Issledovanie i teksty, “The Tabasaran language: analysis and texts”) published in 1965.
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Turned g
Turned g (lowercase: ᵷ, mathematical symbol: ⅁) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed by rotating g 180°. It is used to transliterate the Georgian letter ჹ. ჹ itself is the Georgian letter გ "g" rotated.
In 1844, Bartłomiej Beniowski created his Anti-absurd or Phenotypic alphabet, featuring turned g for the diphthong [aʊ].
In 1880, John Wesley Powell created a phonetic transcription for transcribing Native American languages in publications of the Smithsonian Institution. In the transcriptions, turned letters were used as supplementary characters.
In 1900, turned g was a proposed phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Association’s Exposé des principes to represent a voiceless laminal closed postalveolar sibilant, as found in Adyghe, and other Northwest Caucasian languages.
Franz Boas used turned g to represent the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] in his transcription of the Kwakʼwala language, published in American Anthropologist in 1900.
In 1921, Ivar Adolf Lyttkens and Fredrik Amadeus Wulff used turned g in their phonetic transcription, notably in Metodiska ljudöfningar published in 1892 or the dictionary Svensk ordlista published in 1921.
In 1929, Tadeusz Jan Kowalski used the turned g and turned k in Karaim language texts to represent an alveolar plosive pronounced as a velar plosive before the vowel [i]. Omeljan Pritsak reused this in a 1959 Karaim work.
Turned g represents a [ɢ] in the transcription of the Tabasaran language by Alexander Amarovich Magometov in his book Табасаранский язык: Исследование и тексты (Tabasaranskij jazyk: Issledovanie i teksty, “The Tabasaran language: analysis and texts”) published in 1965.