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Tututepec
Tututepec (Mixtec: Yucu Dzaa) is a Mesoamerican archaeological site. It is located in the lower Río Verde valley on the coast of Oaxaca. The city was the capital of a tributary Mixtec empire during the Late Postclassic period (ca. 12th to early 16th centuries). At its largest extent the site covered some 21.85 km2, and its political influence extended over an area of more than 25,000 km2 of the neighbouring territory covering many towns and cultures.
Today, the site is occupied by the contemporary settlement of Villa de Tututepec de Melchor Ocampo, in the Mexican state of Oaxaca.
Tututepec is a Nahuatl name meaning "Bird Hill," while in Mixtec the city is called Yucu Dzaa meaning "Hill of the Bird." In Aztec and Mixtec scripts, the city's glyph is drawn differently but both scripts represent the city with a bird on a hill, untying the name of the city to a specific sound but to a specific name.
There are 3 main sources for the history of Tututepec, the first are Mixtec codices notably Codex Bodley, Nuttall, and Colombino-Becker that record the founding of the city by Eight Deer as well as their first conquests in the late 11th century. Tututepec drops from the historical record after Eight Deer moved to Tilantongo as his new capital, it isn't until early colonial times when the Relaciones geográficas was created where information on Tututepec on the eve of Spanish conquest is available. Tututepec's Relación has been lost but their subject communities' Relaciones remain documenting Tututepec's expansionist ambitions and relations to their subjects. Lastly Arthur Joyce led archaeological investigations of the city published in 2004 documenting the size, architecture, growth, and surface artifacts of the site.
In addition to the main sources of history there is little information to be gleaned from other sources, oral history recorded in 1961 by Gutierre Tibón provides information on the pre-Columbian palace of Tututepec and connections to Central Mexico. Francisco Burgoa records of a neutral marketplace in Putla that Tututepec operated in outside of their borders. A linguistic study by Katheryn Josserand suggests that the coastal dialect of Mixtec diverged from the highland dialect by the 11th century supporting the theory of a Mixtec migration to the coast during that period. The Tututepec Archaeological Project led by Marc Levine in 2005 excavated 3 commoner residences in Tututepec providing much information on the economy of the city.
The first settlements in Tututepec dates back to 400 BCE, afterwards the population of the area would fluctuate until 800 CE where the site would be almost devoid of activity. Prior to Eight Deer's journey to the coast the area there were little evidence of Mixtecs in the region, the idea of a migration led by Eight Deer to the coast is supported by linguistic evidence of the highland and coastal dialects diverging around 900-1000 CE and little cultural similarity between the highland Mixteca Alta and the coast outside of ceramics prior to Tututepec's founding.
The founding of Tututepec is recorded in 3 Mixtec codices that vary slightly, Codex Bodley, Nuttall, and Colombino-Becker. Eight Deer after meeting with oracle Nine Grass at Chalcatongo migrates to the coast with a group of Mixtecs and founds Tututepec in 1083. The foundation activity done by Eight Deer to establish the city varies between codices, in Codex Bodley he meets with the Chatino rulers of Juquila to gain their recognition, in Codex Nuttall he performs a ballcourt ceremony, lastly in Codex Colombino-Becker he performs a ballcourt ceremony in addition to bringing sacred objects to the new site. After founding Tututepec, Eight Deer begins wars of consolidation as he conquers dozens of towns establishing Tututepec power in a fragmented region as the collapse of the Rio Viejo state prior to his arrival left the region fragmented and easier to conquer, the result of the conquests allowed the Mixtecs to gain access to new resources from tribute such as cacao and feathers.
In 1097 a Toltec delegation led by their leader Four Jaguar visited Tututepec and allied with Eight Deer, aiding him in conquering Tilantongo the next year. After Eight Deer conquered Tilantongo he never returned to Tututepec leaving the history of the city unknown until the eve of Spanish conquest.
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Tututepec
Tututepec (Mixtec: Yucu Dzaa) is a Mesoamerican archaeological site. It is located in the lower Río Verde valley on the coast of Oaxaca. The city was the capital of a tributary Mixtec empire during the Late Postclassic period (ca. 12th to early 16th centuries). At its largest extent the site covered some 21.85 km2, and its political influence extended over an area of more than 25,000 km2 of the neighbouring territory covering many towns and cultures.
Today, the site is occupied by the contemporary settlement of Villa de Tututepec de Melchor Ocampo, in the Mexican state of Oaxaca.
Tututepec is a Nahuatl name meaning "Bird Hill," while in Mixtec the city is called Yucu Dzaa meaning "Hill of the Bird." In Aztec and Mixtec scripts, the city's glyph is drawn differently but both scripts represent the city with a bird on a hill, untying the name of the city to a specific sound but to a specific name.
There are 3 main sources for the history of Tututepec, the first are Mixtec codices notably Codex Bodley, Nuttall, and Colombino-Becker that record the founding of the city by Eight Deer as well as their first conquests in the late 11th century. Tututepec drops from the historical record after Eight Deer moved to Tilantongo as his new capital, it isn't until early colonial times when the Relaciones geográficas was created where information on Tututepec on the eve of Spanish conquest is available. Tututepec's Relación has been lost but their subject communities' Relaciones remain documenting Tututepec's expansionist ambitions and relations to their subjects. Lastly Arthur Joyce led archaeological investigations of the city published in 2004 documenting the size, architecture, growth, and surface artifacts of the site.
In addition to the main sources of history there is little information to be gleaned from other sources, oral history recorded in 1961 by Gutierre Tibón provides information on the pre-Columbian palace of Tututepec and connections to Central Mexico. Francisco Burgoa records of a neutral marketplace in Putla that Tututepec operated in outside of their borders. A linguistic study by Katheryn Josserand suggests that the coastal dialect of Mixtec diverged from the highland dialect by the 11th century supporting the theory of a Mixtec migration to the coast during that period. The Tututepec Archaeological Project led by Marc Levine in 2005 excavated 3 commoner residences in Tututepec providing much information on the economy of the city.
The first settlements in Tututepec dates back to 400 BCE, afterwards the population of the area would fluctuate until 800 CE where the site would be almost devoid of activity. Prior to Eight Deer's journey to the coast the area there were little evidence of Mixtecs in the region, the idea of a migration led by Eight Deer to the coast is supported by linguistic evidence of the highland and coastal dialects diverging around 900-1000 CE and little cultural similarity between the highland Mixteca Alta and the coast outside of ceramics prior to Tututepec's founding.
The founding of Tututepec is recorded in 3 Mixtec codices that vary slightly, Codex Bodley, Nuttall, and Colombino-Becker. Eight Deer after meeting with oracle Nine Grass at Chalcatongo migrates to the coast with a group of Mixtecs and founds Tututepec in 1083. The foundation activity done by Eight Deer to establish the city varies between codices, in Codex Bodley he meets with the Chatino rulers of Juquila to gain their recognition, in Codex Nuttall he performs a ballcourt ceremony, lastly in Codex Colombino-Becker he performs a ballcourt ceremony in addition to bringing sacred objects to the new site. After founding Tututepec, Eight Deer begins wars of consolidation as he conquers dozens of towns establishing Tututepec power in a fragmented region as the collapse of the Rio Viejo state prior to his arrival left the region fragmented and easier to conquer, the result of the conquests allowed the Mixtecs to gain access to new resources from tribute such as cacao and feathers.
In 1097 a Toltec delegation led by their leader Four Jaguar visited Tututepec and allied with Eight Deer, aiding him in conquering Tilantongo the next year. After Eight Deer conquered Tilantongo he never returned to Tututepec leaving the history of the city unknown until the eve of Spanish conquest.