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Udmurt alphabets AI simulator
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Hub AI
Udmurt alphabets AI simulator
(@Udmurt alphabets_simulator)
Udmurt alphabets
Since its inception in the 18th century and up to the present, it is based on the Cyrillic alphabet to write the Udmurt language. Attempts were also made to use the Latin alphabet to write the Udmurt language. In its modern form, the Udmurt alphabet was approved in 1937.
The question of dating the emergence of the Udmurt writing is controversial and related to the question of what is generally considered the beginning of writing in a particular language. Various researchers count the history of Udmurt writing from different events - the first records of the Udmurt language material (1726), the publication of the first small translated texts (1769), the publication of the first grammar (1775), the publication of the first Udmurt books with a coherent text and a certain graphics system (1847).
The first known fixation of the Udmurt language material dates back to 1726. It was produced by Daniel Messerschmidt using the Latin alphabet. The dictionary of 400 Udmurt words compiled by him was not published at that time and remained unknown to science until the end of the 20th century (first published in 2001). The first printed edition with the recording of Udmurt words was the book by Philip Strahlenberg "Das Nord- und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia ...", published in 1730. It also used the Latin alphabet. Later, the Latin alphabet for fixing the Udmurt language was used in the works of Gerhard Müller and Johann Fischer (mid-18th century). To write Udmurt words, these authors used various graphic systems:
In the second half of the 18th century, texts written in the Udmurt language began to appear. The first of these was a poem published in a multilingual solemn collection dedicated to the arrival of Catherine II in Kazan in 1769. This is a small text (24 words) written in Cyrillic letters. Another Udmurt poem was published in a similar collection of 1782. There are also other short Udmurt texts in Cyrillic printed at that time..
In 1775, the first Udmurt grammar was published - “Сочинения, принадлежащие к грамматике вотского языка“ (Works belonging to the grammar of the Votyak language). This edition used the Cyrillic alphabet, which included most of the letters of the then Russian alphabet (except for ф, х, щ, ѳ, ѵ), as well as additional characters G g, е̂, и̂, і̂, ї, о̂, э̂.
At the end of the 18th century, a number of Udmurt dictionaries and grammars were also compiled. Of these, only Peter Pallas's dictionary (1787-1791) and the Russian translation of Müller's dictionary (1791) were published. Z. Krotov's dictionary (1785) and M. Mogilin's grammar (1786) remained in manuscripts. In all these works, various graphic systems based on the Cyrillic basis were used:
In the first half of the 19th century, various authors continued to compile Udmurt dictionaries and grammars, but all of them remained in manuscripts at that time. These works used the Russian Cyrillic alphabet, sometimes with the addition of individual characters, such as j and g, as well as the superscript circumflex diacritic mark (ˆ).
From the beginning of the 19th century, the question of translating Orthodox literature into the Udmurt language, primarily the Gospels, was raised. The first translations were made in 1803, but for various reasons, their release was constantly postponed and dragged on for more to than 40 years. Finally, in 1847–1849, the first Udmurt books were published, with 5 titles at once (the dating of the first Udmurt books in 1823 is erroneous). These were the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark in the Glazov dialect, the Gospel of Matthew in the Sarapul dialect and two alphabets - one in the Glazov dialect, the other in the Sarapul dialect. The alphabets contain the following alphabet: А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Е е, Ж ж, G g, З з, И и, І і, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ъ ъ, Ы ы, Ь ь, Ѣ ѣ, Э э, Ю ю, Я я, Ѳ ѳ, Ѵ ѵ. In fact, the alphabets also used the iô digraph. A similar graphic system was used in the Gospels. The sound, now denoted by the letter ӝ, was transmitted through ж and дж; ӟ - through з and дз; ч - through с, ц and ч; ӵ - through ч; ӧ - through е, э and о. These alphabets are graphically based on the alphabet of the first Udmurt grammar of 1775.
Udmurt alphabets
Since its inception in the 18th century and up to the present, it is based on the Cyrillic alphabet to write the Udmurt language. Attempts were also made to use the Latin alphabet to write the Udmurt language. In its modern form, the Udmurt alphabet was approved in 1937.
The question of dating the emergence of the Udmurt writing is controversial and related to the question of what is generally considered the beginning of writing in a particular language. Various researchers count the history of Udmurt writing from different events - the first records of the Udmurt language material (1726), the publication of the first small translated texts (1769), the publication of the first grammar (1775), the publication of the first Udmurt books with a coherent text and a certain graphics system (1847).
The first known fixation of the Udmurt language material dates back to 1726. It was produced by Daniel Messerschmidt using the Latin alphabet. The dictionary of 400 Udmurt words compiled by him was not published at that time and remained unknown to science until the end of the 20th century (first published in 2001). The first printed edition with the recording of Udmurt words was the book by Philip Strahlenberg "Das Nord- und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia ...", published in 1730. It also used the Latin alphabet. Later, the Latin alphabet for fixing the Udmurt language was used in the works of Gerhard Müller and Johann Fischer (mid-18th century). To write Udmurt words, these authors used various graphic systems:
In the second half of the 18th century, texts written in the Udmurt language began to appear. The first of these was a poem published in a multilingual solemn collection dedicated to the arrival of Catherine II in Kazan in 1769. This is a small text (24 words) written in Cyrillic letters. Another Udmurt poem was published in a similar collection of 1782. There are also other short Udmurt texts in Cyrillic printed at that time..
In 1775, the first Udmurt grammar was published - “Сочинения, принадлежащие к грамматике вотского языка“ (Works belonging to the grammar of the Votyak language). This edition used the Cyrillic alphabet, which included most of the letters of the then Russian alphabet (except for ф, х, щ, ѳ, ѵ), as well as additional characters G g, е̂, и̂, і̂, ї, о̂, э̂.
At the end of the 18th century, a number of Udmurt dictionaries and grammars were also compiled. Of these, only Peter Pallas's dictionary (1787-1791) and the Russian translation of Müller's dictionary (1791) were published. Z. Krotov's dictionary (1785) and M. Mogilin's grammar (1786) remained in manuscripts. In all these works, various graphic systems based on the Cyrillic basis were used:
In the first half of the 19th century, various authors continued to compile Udmurt dictionaries and grammars, but all of them remained in manuscripts at that time. These works used the Russian Cyrillic alphabet, sometimes with the addition of individual characters, such as j and g, as well as the superscript circumflex diacritic mark (ˆ).
From the beginning of the 19th century, the question of translating Orthodox literature into the Udmurt language, primarily the Gospels, was raised. The first translations were made in 1803, but for various reasons, their release was constantly postponed and dragged on for more to than 40 years. Finally, in 1847–1849, the first Udmurt books were published, with 5 titles at once (the dating of the first Udmurt books in 1823 is erroneous). These were the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark in the Glazov dialect, the Gospel of Matthew in the Sarapul dialect and two alphabets - one in the Glazov dialect, the other in the Sarapul dialect. The alphabets contain the following alphabet: А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Е е, Ж ж, G g, З з, И и, І і, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ъ ъ, Ы ы, Ь ь, Ѣ ѣ, Э э, Ю ю, Я я, Ѳ ѳ, Ѵ ѵ. In fact, the alphabets also used the iô digraph. A similar graphic system was used in the Gospels. The sound, now denoted by the letter ӝ, was transmitted through ж and дж; ӟ - through з and дз; ч - through с, ц and ч; ӵ - through ч; ӧ - through е, э and о. These alphabets are graphically based on the alphabet of the first Udmurt grammar of 1775.