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Eusideroxylon
Eusideroxylon is a genus of evergreen trees of the family Lauraceae. The genus is monotypic, and includes one accepted species, Eusideroxylon zwageri. The species is commonly known as Bornean ironwood, or by the Malay names belian and ulin. It is predominantly found in Borneo and Sumatra, where it grows in lowland rain forests, but is also thought to inhabit the Philippines.
Eusideroxylon are hardwood trees reaching up to 50 metres (160 ft) in height with trunks over 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in diameter, producing commercially valuable timber.[citation needed] The wood of E. zwageri is impervious to termites, and can last up to 100 years in contact with the ground.[verification needed] Due to extensive logging, it is listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List.
The name Eusideroxylon is Latinised Greek, derived from Greek sideros meaning iron, xylon meaning wood, with the prefix eu- meaning good, true, original. The name of the genus thus means "true iron wood".
Eusideroxylon zwageri is the only valid species; Potoxylon melagangai was formerly placed in this genus as Eusideroxylon melagangai, though some sources retain it in Eusideroxylon.
Embryological studies suggest Eusideroxylon clades together with the Cryptocaryeae.
Eusideroxylon zwageri is a canopy tree species with erect or spreading branches and extremely durable and decay-resistant wood.[citation needed] They are slow growing (0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) per year)[unreliable source?] tall evergreen trees with a straight bole (usually host to Cassytha, a parasitic vine with leaves reduced to scales, up to half of the tree's height). It is slightly fluted at the base, up to 150 to 220 cm (59 to 87 in) in diameter. The trunk has many small, rounded "buttresses" that give the base an elephant-foot like appearance. [citation needed]
Common commercially exploitable trees attain a height of around 30 m (98 ft) with trunk diameters of exploitable trees up to 92 cm (36 in). Protected trees are towering giants of the forest attaining a height of up to 50 m (160 ft) and a diameter of 220 cm – though height is routinely reduced by lightning strikes. An Ulin tree discovered in 1993 in Kutai National Park, is one of the largest plants in Indonesia. It is an estimated 1,000 years old, and has increased its diameter from 241 to 247 cm (95 to 97 in) in the 20 years since its discovery. Its height was however reduced from about 30 m (98 ft) to only 20 m (66 ft) after a lightning strike. Another at Sangkimah in the west of the park has a diameter of 225 cm (89 in) and a height of some 45 m (148 ft). Odoardo Beccari reported a specimen with a girth of 10 metres.
The leaves are dark green, simple, leathery, elliptical to ovate, 14–18 cm (6–7 in) long and 5–11 cm (2–4 in) wide, and are alternate, rarely whorled or opposite, without stipules and petiolate. The leaf blade is entire (unlobed or lobed in Sassafras) and occasionally with domatia (crevices or hollows serving as lodging for mites) in axils of main lateral veins (present in Cinnamomum).[verification needed] Young leaves are reddish brown to yellowish red. They have a generous layer of wax, making them glossy in appearance, and are narrow, pointed oval in shape with an apical mucro, or 'drip tip', which enables the leaves to shed excess water in a humid environment.[citation needed]
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Eusideroxylon
Eusideroxylon is a genus of evergreen trees of the family Lauraceae. The genus is monotypic, and includes one accepted species, Eusideroxylon zwageri. The species is commonly known as Bornean ironwood, or by the Malay names belian and ulin. It is predominantly found in Borneo and Sumatra, where it grows in lowland rain forests, but is also thought to inhabit the Philippines.
Eusideroxylon are hardwood trees reaching up to 50 metres (160 ft) in height with trunks over 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in diameter, producing commercially valuable timber.[citation needed] The wood of E. zwageri is impervious to termites, and can last up to 100 years in contact with the ground.[verification needed] Due to extensive logging, it is listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List.
The name Eusideroxylon is Latinised Greek, derived from Greek sideros meaning iron, xylon meaning wood, with the prefix eu- meaning good, true, original. The name of the genus thus means "true iron wood".
Eusideroxylon zwageri is the only valid species; Potoxylon melagangai was formerly placed in this genus as Eusideroxylon melagangai, though some sources retain it in Eusideroxylon.
Embryological studies suggest Eusideroxylon clades together with the Cryptocaryeae.
Eusideroxylon zwageri is a canopy tree species with erect or spreading branches and extremely durable and decay-resistant wood.[citation needed] They are slow growing (0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) per year)[unreliable source?] tall evergreen trees with a straight bole (usually host to Cassytha, a parasitic vine with leaves reduced to scales, up to half of the tree's height). It is slightly fluted at the base, up to 150 to 220 cm (59 to 87 in) in diameter. The trunk has many small, rounded "buttresses" that give the base an elephant-foot like appearance. [citation needed]
Common commercially exploitable trees attain a height of around 30 m (98 ft) with trunk diameters of exploitable trees up to 92 cm (36 in). Protected trees are towering giants of the forest attaining a height of up to 50 m (160 ft) and a diameter of 220 cm – though height is routinely reduced by lightning strikes. An Ulin tree discovered in 1993 in Kutai National Park, is one of the largest plants in Indonesia. It is an estimated 1,000 years old, and has increased its diameter from 241 to 247 cm (95 to 97 in) in the 20 years since its discovery. Its height was however reduced from about 30 m (98 ft) to only 20 m (66 ft) after a lightning strike. Another at Sangkimah in the west of the park has a diameter of 225 cm (89 in) and a height of some 45 m (148 ft). Odoardo Beccari reported a specimen with a girth of 10 metres.
The leaves are dark green, simple, leathery, elliptical to ovate, 14–18 cm (6–7 in) long and 5–11 cm (2–4 in) wide, and are alternate, rarely whorled or opposite, without stipules and petiolate. The leaf blade is entire (unlobed or lobed in Sassafras) and occasionally with domatia (crevices or hollows serving as lodging for mites) in axils of main lateral veins (present in Cinnamomum).[verification needed] Young leaves are reddish brown to yellowish red. They have a generous layer of wax, making them glossy in appearance, and are narrow, pointed oval in shape with an apical mucro, or 'drip tip', which enables the leaves to shed excess water in a humid environment.[citation needed]