Ultrasonic nozzle

Ultrasonic nozzles are a type of spray nozzle that use high frequency vibrations produced by piezoelectric transducers acting upon the nozzle tip that create capillary waves in a liquid film. Once the amplitude of the capillary waves reaches a critical height (due to the power level supplied by the generator), they become too tall to support themselves and tiny droplets fall off the tip of each wave resulting in atomization.

The primary factors influencing the initial droplet size produced are frequency of vibration, surface tension, and viscosity of the liquid. Frequencies are commonly in the range of 20–180 kHz, beyond the range of human hearing, where the highest frequencies produce the smallest drop size.

In 1962 Dr. Robert Lang followed up on this work, essentially proving a correlation between his atomized droplet size relative to Rayleigh's liquid wavelength. Ultrasonic nozzles were first commercialized by Dr. Harvey L. Berger. US A 3861852, "Fuel burner with improved ultrasonic atomizer", published Jan 21, 1975, assigned to Harvey Berger .

Subsequent uses of the technology include coating blood collection tubes, spraying flux onto printed circuit boards, coating implantable drug eluting stents and balloon/catheters, float glass manufacturing coatings, anti-microbial coatings onto food, precision semiconductor coatings and alternative energy coatings for solar cell and fuel cell manufacturing, among others.

Pharmaceuticals such as Sirolimus (also called rapamycin) and paclitaxel are coated on the surface of drug eluting stents (DES) and drug-coated balloons (DCB). These devices benefit greatly from ultrasonic spray nozzles for their ability to apply coatings with little to no loss. Medical devices such as DES and DCB require very narrow spray patterns, a low-velocity atomized spray and low-pressure air because of their small size.

Research has shown that ultrasonic nozzles can be effectively used to manufacture proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The inks typically used are a platinum-carbon suspension, where the platinum acts as a catalyst inside the cell. Traditional methods to apply the catalyst to the proton exchange membrane typically involve screen printing or doctor-blades. However, these methods can result in undesirable cell performance due to the tendency of the catalyst to form agglomerations resulting in non-uniform gas flow in the cell and prohibiting the catalyst from being fully exposed, running the risk that the solvent or carrier liquid may be absorbed into the membrane, both of which impeded proton exchange efficiency. When ultrasonic nozzles are used, the spray can be made to be as dry as necessary by the nature of the small and uniform droplet size, by varying the distance the droplets travel and by applying low heat to the substrate such that the droplets dry in the air before reaching the substrate. Process engineers have finer control over these types of variables as opposed to other technologies. Additionally, because the ultrasonic nozzle imparts energy to the suspension just prior to and during atomization, possible agglomerates in the suspension are broken up resulting in homogenous distribution of the catalyst, resulting in higher efficiency of the catalyst and in turn, the fuel cell.

Ultrasonic spray nozzle technology has been used to create films of indium tin oxide (ITO) in the formation of transparent conductive films (TCF). ITO has excellent transparency and low sheet resistance, however it is a scarce material and prone to cracking, which does not make it a good candidate for the new flexible TCFs. Graphene on the other hand can be made into a flexible film, extremely conductive and has high transparency. Ag nanowires (AgNWs) when combined with Graphene have been reported to be a promising superior TCF alternative to ITO. Prior studies focus on spin and bar coating methods which are not suitable for large area TCFs. A multi-step process utilizing ultrasonic spray of graphene oxide and conventional spray of AgNWs followed by a hydrazine vapor reduction, followed by the application of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) topcoat resulted in a peelable TCF that can be scaled to a large size.

CNT thin films are used as alternative materials to create transparent conducting films (TCO layers) for touch panel displays or other glass substrates, as well as organic solar cell active layers.