The Uyghur Tribunal was an independent "people's tribunal" based in the United Kingdom aiming to examine evidence regarding the ongoing human rights abuses against the Uyghur people by the Government of China and to evaluate whether the abuses constitute genocide under the Genocide Convention. The tribunal was launched and chaired by Geoffrey Nice, the lead prosecutor in the trial of Slobodan Milošević, who announced the creation of the tribunal in September 2020.

According to Nice, the tribunal was called when there became "no other way of bringing the leadership of the [Chinese] Communist Party collectively or individually to judgement." China's government has said that the tribunal constitutes "blasphemy against the law", issued sanctions against the tribunal and its organizers, and called the tribunal "sheer fiction".

In December 2021, the tribunal concluded that the government of the People's Republic of China had committed genocide against the Uyghurs via birth control and sterilization measures. In addition to this, they found evidence of crimes against humanity, torture and sexual abuse. The tribunal's final determination did not individually bind any government to take action, but organizers hoped that the tribunal's hearings and reports may spur international action and help to hold China to account for its abuse of the Uyghurs.

The government of China has committed an ongoing series of human rights abuses against the Uyghur people and other ethnic and religious minorities in and around the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of the People's Republic of China that is often characterized as genocide. Since 2014, the Chinese government, led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the administration of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, has pursued policies leading to more than one million Muslims (the majority of them Uyghurs) being held in secretive internment camps without any legal process in what has become the largest-scale and most systematic detention of ethnic and religious minorities since the Holocaust and World War II. Thousands of mosques have been destroyed or damaged, and hundreds of thousands of children have been forcibly separated from their parents and sent to boarding schools.

In particular, critics of the Chinese government's policies have highlighted the concentration of Uyghurs in state-sponsored internment camps, suppression of Uyghur religious practices, political indoctrination, severe ill-treatment, as well as extensive evidence and other testimonials detailing human rights abuses including forced sterilization, contraception, and abortions. Critics have described these as constituting the forced assimilation of Xinjiang, as well as an ethnocide or cultural genocide. Some governments, activists, independent NGOs, human rights experts, academics, government officials, and the East Turkistan Government-in-Exile have called it a genocide.

International reactions have been sharply divided, with dozens of United Nations (UN) member states issuing opposing letters to the United Nations Human Rights Council in support and condemnation of China's policies in Xinjiang in 2020. In December 2020, the International Criminal Court declined to take investigative action against China on the basis of not having jurisdiction over China for most of the alleged crimes. The United States, Canada's House of Commons, the Dutch parliament, the United Kingdom's House of Commons, the Seimas of Lithuania, and Senate of the Czech Republic have recognized the treatment of Uyghurs in China as genocide.

Geoffrey Nice, the prosecutor in the war crimes trial of Slobodan Milošević, launched the Uyghur tribunal in September 2020. The tribunal was set up in response to a June 2020 request from the World Uyghur Congress, which provided the initial evidence to the tribunal. A call for evidence was put out at the time of the tribunal's announcement.

By February 2020 the tribunal's jury had been finalized; the tribunal's jury is composed of human rights experts and lawyers.