Hubbry Logo
Madh IslandMadh IslandMain
Open search
Madh Island
Community hub
Madh Island
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Madh Island
Madh Island
Madh Island
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Madh (Marathi pronunciation: [məɖʱ]) is a peninsular locality in the northern part of the Mumbai Suburban District, Maharashtra, India. Historically, it was an island, but land reclamations in the 20th century connected it to Malad village on Salsette Island.[1]

Key Information

Geography

[edit]

The former Madh Island is surrounded by the Manori-Gorai creek in the north, The Arabian Sea in the west and south, and the Versova creek in the east. The waters in the north have been reclaimed, connecting it to Malad. The area has four long sandy beaches: Marve, Aksa, Erangal and Madh. It has four major villages with same names - Marve, Aksa, Erangal, and Madh - besides smaller settlements (wadis) such as Shankar-wadi, Patel-wadi, and Pascal-wadi. A substantial part is under the control of the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force facilities.[1]

Administration

[edit]

Administratively, Madh is a village in the Andheri taluka of the Mumbai Suburban district.[2][3]

Accessibility

[edit]

The area is accessible by bus service (#271 to Malad and #269 to Borivali) or an autorickshaw from Malad. There is also a ferry service from Versova.

Madh Fort

[edit]

Madh Fort is a small fort in northern Mumbai, India situated at Madh Island. It was built by the Portuguese in Portuguese occupied India.[4] They lost it during the war against Maratha empire when the Maratha Empire captured it in February 1739.

The British occupied Salsette Island, Thana Fort, Fort Versova, and the island fort of Karanja in 1774.[5]

[edit]
  • From far
    From far
  • Closeup
    Closeup
  • From a turret
    From a turret
  • Tower closeup
    Tower closeup
  • Opposite side (from Versova)
    Opposite side (from Versova)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Madh Island

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Madh Island is a coastal in the northern part of , , , comprising a group of fishing villages and farmlands bounded by the to the west and Malad Creek to the east. Once a distinct island separated by creeks and mangroves, it now forms part of the larger due to and connects to mainland via bridges and roads. The area is characterized by sandy beaches such as Marve, Aksa, Erangal, and Madh, interspersed with basaltic rocky formations, tidal marshlands, and lush greenery, making it a strategic coastal zone with significant ecological and historical value. The etymology of "Madh" derives from the Marathi word medh, referring to tidal marshlands that dominate the . Human settlement dates back over 1,400 years, with early medieval references to the region under the Shilahara Dynasty (800–1265 AD) and later the Yadava Dynasty (13th–14th centuries), as noted in historical texts like Mahikavatichi Bakhar. In 1534, the acquired control through the Treaty of Bassein, establishing it as a key outpost and constructing Madh Fort on a basaltic to defend against invasions. The fort was captured by Maratha forces in 1739 during the Maratha- War and renamed Yashwantgad, serving as an administrative center until the British seized it in 1782 via the . Under British rule until Indian independence in 1947, the area was further developed for trade and defense, with exports valued at Rs. 30,139 and imports at Rs. 13,326 by 1882. In 1939, during British rule, the British evacuated local communities from much of the peninsula to establish a base; following independence in 1947, it became an station. Culturally, Madh Island is predominantly inhabited by the indigenous Koli fishing community, divided into padas (sub-villages) like Dongar Pada, each with distinct flags and traditions. The economy revolves around open-sea fishing using methods like sthirmasemari (fixed nets) and kavechi masemari (bag nets), with about 70% of the catch dried for trade. Religious sites include ancient temples such as Mukteshvar and Harbadevi, alongside the of on nearby Ambu Bet islet, reflecting a multicultural heritage. Festivals like Shimga (a 15-day spring celebration), Narali (coconut full moon honoring the ), and Gauri Ganpati are central to Koli life, often featuring traditional dances and feasts with local cuisine such as bombil () and mandeli (a type of ). Today, while much land is under the Ministry, the island attracts tourists for its serene beaches, historical landmarks, and as a filming location, blending preserved traditions with modern resort developments. In recent years, as of October 2025, a Rs 2,395 cable-stayed connecting Versova to Madh has received environmental clearance, enhancing connectivity.

Geography

Location and Boundaries

Madh Island is situated in the suburb of , , , within the northern part of the city at approximate coordinates 19°08′N 72°48′E. This positioning places it as an extension of , the larger landmass forming much of suburban . Historically, Madh Island was a distinct separated from the mainland by the Madh-Marve Creek, functioning as a true amid the coastal creeks and mangroves of the region. During the , land efforts connected it to , transforming it into a peninsula-like extension accessible by from the mainland. This reclamation integrated the area into the urban fabric of while preserving its coastal character. The island's boundaries are defined by natural water bodies and adjacent urban areas: its northern edge aligns with the Vasai Creek (incorporating the Manori-Gorai branch), the west and south face the with a coastline spanning approximately 5 km, the south maintains proximity to Versova across the Versova Creek, and the east connects to the suburbs of and Kandivali via the narrow Malad Creek lined with mangroves. Administratively, Madh Island falls under the and is governed by the Municipal Corporation of Greater (MCGM).

Physical Features

Madh Island features a coastal terrain characterized by sandy beaches fringed with mangroves and occasional rocky outcrops along its western and southern shores facing the Arabian Sea. The island includes several notable beaches, such as Aksa Beach, Madh Beach, and Erangal Beach, which contribute to its approximately 5 km shoreline, interspersed with lush greenery like coconut groves and low-lying areas suitable for fishing communities. The topography is predominantly flat and low-lying, with elevations mostly at or near sea level and minor rises reaching up to around 30 meters in some areas, reflecting the broader characteristics of Mumbai's suburban coastal landscape. The island experiences a typical of , with average annual temperatures ranging from 24°C to 32°C and a mean of 27.7°C. Heavy rainfall, averaging 2,213 millimeters annually, occurs primarily from to , which contributes to seasonal erosion along the shores and increases the risk of localized flooding in low-lying zones. on Madh Island is supported by extensive ecosystems, particularly along the Creek and coastal fringes, which serve as habitats for marine species, crabs, and birds, making it a spot for occasional . These mangroves play a crucial role in maintaining local ecological balance but face ongoing threats from and , including microplastic accumulation in sediments.

History

Pre-Colonial and Early Settlement

Madh Island's pre-colonial history is characterized by the presence of indigenous Koli fishing communities, who formed the primary early inhabitants of the region. These communities, recognized as aboriginal settlers of the broader archipelago, relied heavily on the surrounding creeks and for their livelihood, engaging in subsistence and small-scale using traditional methods such as nets and traps. Historical accounts trace their settlement in the area, including Madh and nearby Versova, back to at least the medieval period, with evidence suggesting continuous occupation since the Shilahara Dynasty's rule over North from approximately 800 to 1265 CE. Following the Shilaharas, the Dynasty exerted influence over the region in the 13th–14th centuries, as noted in texts like Mahikavatichi Bakhar, maintaining the area's focus on and local trade. Archaeological records from Madh Island and adjacent sites indicate sparse but consistent evidence of small-scale villages focused primarily on , with limited indications of supplementary activities like salt production derived from coastal pans. Excavations and surveys in villages such as Marve, Aksa, Erangal, and Madh reveal remnants of early medieval habitations, including temple structures like Killeshwar and Harbadevi, dating to the Shilahara era (800–1265 CE), but no traces of major urban centers or fortified settlements. These findings, corroborated by chronicles such as the Mahikavatichi (covering events from 1138 to 1379 CE), portray a of dispersed, creek-side hamlets sustained by rather than intensive agriculture or trade hubs. The island's strategic position along Vasai Creek facilitated pre-colonial trade routes connecting to ancient ports like Sopara (ancient Surparaka or Bassein), a prominent maritime center active since the 3rd century BCE. This creek served as a vital waterway for regional exchange under dynasties like the Shilaharas, linking Madh's fishing communities to inland networks extending to , Nasik, , and Ter, where goods such as fish, timber, and possibly salt were transported. Sopara's role as a teertha (pilgrimage site) and trade node, evidenced by Ashokan edicts ( BCE) and Roman amphorae finds, underscores the creek's integration into broader Indo-Mediterranean commerce, though Madh itself remained peripheral without developing into a primary port.

Portuguese Colonial Period

The Portuguese established control over Madh Island in 1534 as part of the Treaty of Bassein, signed with Sultan Bahadur Shah of the , which ceded Bassein and its dependencies—including the region encompassing Madh—to in exchange for against the Mughals. This acquisition integrated Madh into the broader Portuguese territories around Bombay (modern ), serving as a strategic coastal outpost under the of the Estado da Índia. In the , the constructed watchtowers and small forts on Madh Island to defend against emerging threats from the Marathas and later British incursions, with early structures including precursors to Madh Fort, a pentagonal built in the latter half of the century to monitor Versova Creek and the . These fortifications, such as a circular on a nearby islet and a fortified outpost in Madh Village, underscored the island's role in safeguarding Portuguese maritime routes. The introduced to Madh Island during the 16th and 17th centuries, leading to the construction of churches like St. Bonaventure Church in nearby Erangal in 1575 by Franciscan missionaries, who were granted land for evangelical activities including convents and orphanages. This religious expansion fostered cultural fusion with the indigenous Koli fishing communities, as many locals converted to Catholicism, blending Portuguese rituals with traditional Koli practices in daily life and festivals. Under Portuguese administration, Madh Island's economy centered on fishing, with communities engaged in the trade of dried fish noted in 1720 records from a small fort outpost, supporting regional commerce until the 1661 handover of core Bombay territories to the British via the marriage dowry of —though Salsette and Madh remained under Portuguese control longer. Coconut plantations also contributed to local , reflecting Portuguese encouragement of cash crops alongside the island's traditional fishing economy.

Maratha and British Periods

Portuguese control over Madh and Salsette ended in 1739 when Maratha forces, under , captured the island and Versova Fort during the Maratha-Portuguese War (1737–1739). The fort was renamed Yashwantgad and served as an administrative center for the Marathas until 1774. In December 1774, British forces seized Madh Fort from the Marathas following conflicts in the region, integrating it into their expanding territories in . Under British rule, the fort was enlarged and used for defense, while the island's economy grew through trade; by 1882, exports from nearby Versova were valued at Rs. 30,139 and imports at Rs. 13,326, primarily involving fish and agricultural goods. The British maintained control until Indian independence in 1947, developing coastal infrastructure and establishing a base in 1939, which involved evacuating local Koli communities.

Post-Independence Developments

Upon India's independence in 1947, Madh Island, situated within the , was seamlessly incorporated into the Union of India as part of the newly formed . The existing base was transferred to the , continuing as a military station and restricting civilian access to much of the peninsula. The island's strategic coastal position near facilitated its gradual integration into the expanding urban fabric of the region, though it retained much of its isolated character initially due to limited connectivity across the Madh-Marve Creek. In the latter half of the , land efforts and improvements began linking Madh Island more closely to the mainland, transforming it from a remote fishing outpost into an accessible . By the , urban expansion accelerated, with significant growth in residential developments, including luxurious bungalows and villas built on plots acquired decades earlier. This period also saw the rise of resorts catering to urban escapees, driven by 's booming real estate market and de-regulation policies that encouraged private investment. Madh Island emerged as a favored spot for the from the onward, with its scenic bungalows and coastal settings serving as backdrops for numerous productions, including iconic films like Aa Gale Lag Jaa and . Locations such as the Poonawala Bungalow became synonymous with on-screen luxury homes, boosting the area's appeal for shoots and contributing to economic diversification beyond traditional . Development, however, brought environmental challenges, particularly the loss of mangroves critical for coastal protection and . In Madh Island, illegal destruction of mangrove cover was reported as early as 2014–2015, with approximately 2,000 trees hacked and burned on a four-acre plot in Shantinagar, despite the area's designation as a protected national mangrove site under the (CRZ) rules. Such encroachments, often linked to residential and infrastructure projects, reduced natural buffers against cyclones and eroded marine habitats. In response, conservation efforts intensified post-2000s through the Maharashtra Coastal Zone Management Authority (MCZMA), which enforces CRZ notifications, including a 2005 High Court ban on mangrove felling and within 50 meters of such ecosystems. The MCZMA has overseen across Maharashtra's 720 km coastline, planting over 1,800 hectares between 2012 and 2021, with monitoring in sensitive areas like Madh to mitigate urban pressures. Key events underscoring community tensions include 1970s protests by Mumbai's fishing communities against industrialization and coastal encroachments, which threatened traditional livelihoods in areas like Madh-Marve and highlighted conflicts between development and ecological sustainability. In the 2020s, eco-tourism initiatives have gained traction, with eco-friendly resorts emphasizing sustainable practices, organic farming, and community-led conservation to balance tourism growth with environmental preservation as of 2023. These efforts align with broader Maharashtra policies promoting green tourism while protecting coastal biodiversity.

Landmarks and Attractions

Madh Fort

Madh Fort, also known as Versova Fort, is a historic coastal defense structure located on the northern tip of Madh Island in , , overlooking the Versova Creek and the . Constructed by the in the second half of the , likely after 1635, the fort served primarily as a watchtower to monitor maritime activities and protect against potential invasions along the northern coast. Its strategic placement on a basaltic rocky provided a vantage point for , reflecting the efforts to fortify their holdings in the Salsette region during their colonial expansion. Architecturally, the fort features a pentagonal design typical of , constructed using random with for durability against coastal conditions. It includes high walls equipped with gun slits and embrasures for placements, though it lacks grand entrances, residential quarters, or internal water sources, emphasizing its role as a compact outpost rather than a full . The structure's bastions, including semi-circular and rectangular forms, allowed for defensive fire coverage over the surrounding creek and sea approaches, with remnants of these elements still visible despite partial ruin. Over time, modifications by subsequent rulers added layers, such as expanded ramparts, but the core Indo- nucleus remains evident in the irregular tower bases and stonework. Historically, the fort played a key role in regional conflicts, withstanding multiple Maratha attacks during the Maratha-Portuguese War of 1737–1739 before being captured by Maratha forces in February 1739, marking a shift in control over Salsette. Following this, it was further strengthened by the Marathas and later seized by the British during their Salsette campaign on , 1774, after which it was used for coastal surveillance until gradual abandonment in the as maritime threats diminished. The fort's defensive function waned with changing colonial dynamics, but its capture highlighted the vulnerabilities in Portuguese fortifications against land-based assaults. Today, Madh Fort stands as a protected heritage site under the , though parts of the surrounding area are managed by the , limiting access at times. The ruins are accessible via steps from the base, offering panoramic views that attract visitors for and historical exploration, despite ongoing disrepair and restoration efforts to preserve its structural integrity.

Beaches and Coastal Areas

, located on the western edge of Madh Island, features a stretch of golden sands fringed by the , attracting visitors for its relative tranquility compared to central beaches. Known for its clean environment and scenic sunsets, the beach serves as a popular spot for picnics and leisurely walks, with facilities including parking areas and food stalls developed to support tourism. Madh Beach and Silver Beach offer quieter coastal experiences, with Silver Beach particularly noted for its soft sands and clear waters ideal for relaxation away from crowds. These areas provide views of local fishing activities and are favored for sunset watching, contributing to the island's appeal as a serene retreat. Recent development plans, including anti-erosion measures and visitor amenities at Silver Beach, aim to enhance accessibility while addressing coastal erosion. Coastal activities on Madh Island's beaches include along the shoreline, jet skiing, and through nearby areas, with these water sports gaining popularity in recent years to promote adventure tourism. Seasonal high can influence access to certain stretches, particularly during periods when water levels rise and affect lower zones. Despite these attractions, the beaches face challenges from urban pollution, including litter from nearby areas, prompting ongoing clean-up efforts by local authorities. As of August 2024, the spent ₹45,000 daily for maintenance at Aksa and surrounding beaches in , deploying machinery and 20 workers to remove waste and mitigate environmental impact while ensuring visitor safety.

Religious and Cultural Sites

Madh Island's religious and cultural sites reflect a unique blend of Portuguese colonial influences and the indigenous traditions of the local Koli fishing community. The island hosts several historic churches and temples that serve as focal points for devotion and community gatherings. One of the most prominent sites is the Church of St. Bonaventure, a 16th-century structure built by Portuguese Franciscan missionaries in 1575 in the Erangal area of Madh Island. This sea-facing church exemplifies with its towering arches, ornate altars, and whitewashed facade. The church was restored in 1976 after years of disuse, reviving its role as a place of worship. It hosts the annual Erangal Feast on the second Sunday of January, drawing pilgrims from various faiths for novenas, masses, and a fair that celebrates inter-community harmony. In January 2025, the church marked its 450th anniversary, attracting around 1.5-2 lakh devotees. In Madh village, the Our Lady of the Sea Church stands as a key Catholic site, established under the Archdiocese of Bombay and serving the local East Indian and Koli Christian communities with regular masses in Marathi and English. Smaller and chapels dot the island, including those dedicated to local saints, complementing the larger churches. The Koli community's Hindu traditions are represented by temples such as the Harbadevi Temple in Madh , a guardian central to the fisherfolk's rituals and festivals. A local Mandir also serves devotees, emphasizing strength and protection in daily life. These sites highlight the fusion of Portuguese-introduced and indigenous Hindu practices, evident in shared celebrations like processions that weave through the island's villages, uniting residents in vibrant street rituals. Preservation efforts have sustained these landmarks, with the Church of St. Bonaventure's 1976 restoration ensuring its structural integrity amid coastal conditions. The sites now feature in guided heritage walks that explore the island's colonial-era architecture and cultural , offering visitors insights into Madh's layered history.

Accessibility and Transportation

Road and Land Access

Madh Island is accessible primarily by road from via the (WEH), which connects central to the suburb of , covering about 30 kilometers in approximately 1 hour under normal traffic conditions. From , travelers proceed via the Madh-Marve Road, a 5-7 kilometer stretch that provides direct entry to the island, taking an additional 15-20 minutes. This route is the most common overland path for private vehicles, though peak-hour delays can extend the total journey to over 1.5 hours. In July 2025, the approved a ₹2,395 cable-stayed flyover project connecting Madh Island to Versova, spanning 2.06 km over Madh Creek, expected to reduce travel time to 5 minutes upon completion. Public transportation offers a reliable alternative through the (BEST) bus network. Route 271 operates directly from Station (West) to Madh , with services running every 15-30 minutes from early morning until late evening, covering the local leg in about 30 minutes. Visitors starting from or can reach via local trains on the Western Railway line (5-10 minutes travel time), then transfer to bus 271; auto-rickshaws or shared taxis are available for the short final approach to island entry points if needed. Infrastructure enhancements have improved road access in recent years, including the widening of Marve Road, where the (BMC) demolished nine structures in 2023 to expand the route from the to the T-junction, aiming to reduce bottlenecks for traffic to Madh and nearby areas. Additionally, paid parking facilities managed by BMC have been established at key beach access points like since around 2020, accommodating vehicles for fees such as ₹70 for up to 6 hours to support growing visitor numbers. Despite these developments, road access faces challenges, particularly on weekends and holidays when tourist volumes surge, often doubling times along the WEH and local roads. Approach highways may also involve tolls depending on the entry point into , adding to costs for outstation drivers.

Water-Based Access

Madh Island's primary water-based access is provided by ferry services across the creek separating it from the mainland, offering a quick and scenic alternative to road travel. The main route operates between Versova Jetty in Andheri West and Madh Jetty, with ferries running daily from 5:00 AM to 1:15 PM every 15 minutes and completing the approximately 10-minute journey for a fare of ₹10 per person. An alternative ferry service connects Marve Beach in Malad West to points near Madh Island, facilitating access for visitors heading to nearby attractions like , with operations throughout the day at similar low costs. These services, managed by local authorities such as the , accommodate pedestrians, cyclists, and small vehicles, though larger cars typically require alternative arrangements. Private boat charters provide flexible options for groups seeking customized tours, departing from Versova or nearby for creek explorations and coastal views. These rentals, popular since the mid-2010s, typically cost ₹500–1,000 per hour for small vessels accommodating 4–10 passengers, emphasizing the island's semi-isolated appeal. Traditional Koli boats, integral to the island's indigenous community, continue to ply local waters for daily operations, blending with practical transport. Services face seasonal interruptions during the period from June to September, when high winds and rough seas often suspend operations for safety, relying instead on road alternatives. Facilities at both jetties remain basic, featuring simple docking areas, shaded waiting benches, and minimal amenities to support commuter flow without extensive infrastructure. Recent initiatives in Mumbai's waterways include plans for eco-friendly electric ferries, with trials and introductions accelerating since 2023 to reduce emissions.

Economy and Community

Fishing and Local Economy

The fishing economy of Madh Island is predominantly driven by the indigenous Koli community, who engage in traditional open-sea using bag net methods to harvest species such as bombil (), prawns, squids, and ribbon . Approximately 70% of the daily catch is processed into on coastal racks known as valands, with the remainder sold fresh, supporting local livelihoods through direct sales and trade. This dried produce, particularly bombil and prawns, is primarily exported to Mumbai's wholesale markets like , where it integrates into the city's broader seafood supply chain. The rise of resorts and homestays on the island has provided additional employment opportunities for locals, often in hospitality and maintenance roles, diversifying income sources amid growing tourism. Initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana, launched in 2020, have supplied deep-sea fishing vessels to cooperatives in Maharashtra to enhance productivity and market access. Key challenges include , which has depleted stocks of prime species, and climate change impacts like cyclones that damage boats and disrupt seasonal patterns, with fishing cooperatives—such as the Madh Machhimar Vividh Karyakari Sahakari Ltd established in —promoting sustainable practices through collective resource management. In 2024, the Maharashtra government allocated approximately 180 acres of land in Madh Island for the Redevelopment Project, raising concerns about potential impacts on local fishing communities and coastal ecosystems.

Cultural Life and Tourism Impact

The cultural of Madh Island revolves around the Koli community, the indigenous fisherfolk who form the majority of the island's population and have maintained their maritime heritage for centuries. Villages such as Madh and Erangal are primarily inhabited by Kolis, alongside East Indian Roman Catholics, fostering a close-knit social fabric centered on activities and communal bonds. Koli traditions are vividly expressed through festivals like Narali Purnima, celebrated in August on the full moon day of Shravan, when community members offer coconuts and prayers to the sea god to ensure safe fishing voyages post-monsoon. Traditional dances and feasts accompany these rituals, reinforcing the community's deep connection to the . The Christian Koli subset, shaped by Portuguese colonial conversions in the , integrates these practices with Catholic observances, such as processions featuring fish-based meals and the Feast of the in September, blending indigenous customs with European-influenced liturgy in local chapels. Tourism has significantly shaped community dynamics on Madh Island, drawing visitors to its beaches and fostering economic opportunities through sales of local crafts and . Initiatives like homestays and luxury villas, promoted since the mid-2010s, allow tourists to experience authentic village life while supporting resident incomes. However, seasonal influxes have led to overcrowding challenges, prompting calls for to balance growth with cultural preservation. Preservation efforts emphasize eco-tourism and heritage walks, with government-backed programs under the Vision Document 2047 aiming to enhance statewide tourism while safeguarding Koli traditions and coastal ecosystems. Non-governmental initiatives complement these by organizing cultural events that highlight heritage and promote responsible visitor engagement.

References

  1. https://indiacinehub.gov.in/location/madh-island
  2. https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume4/36.pdf
  3. https://exhibits.jioinstitute.edu.in/spotlight/madh-koliwada
  4. https://swarajyamag.com/infrastructure/mumbais-rs-2395-crore-cable-stayed-bridge-connecting-versova-to-madh-gets-green-nod
  5. https://www.latlong.net/place/madh-island-ambu-bet-madh-mumbai-maharashtra-india-7129.html
  6. https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/27801/download/30970/DH_27_2001_SUB.pdf
  7. https://housing.com/madh-mumbai-overview-Pn0ecpmmn20381n8
  8. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/madh-island/articleshow/35619894.cms
  9. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g304554-d321427-Reviews-Madh_Island-Mumbai_Maharashtra.html
  10. https://dm.mcgm.gov.in/assets/pdf/city_profile.pdf
  11. https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/india/mumbai
  12. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749123018870
  13. https://www.mumbaionline.in/guide/mangroves-of-mumbai
  14. https://india.mongabay.com/short-article/2025/07/study-maps-microplastics-in-mumbais-mangroves/
  15. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/11/25/781990792/mangroves-help-fight-the-effects-of-climate-change-so-why-is-mumbai-destroying-t
  16. https://d-nb.info/1191596141/34
  17. https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Sopara-Shah2020.pdf
  18. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/the-treaty-of-bassein-and-how-portuguese-took-control-of-gujarat-9725290/
  19. https://www.colonialvoyage.com/portuguese-bassein-bacaim-vasai/
  20. https://bijoor.me/2014/11/08/revisiting-madh-fort-versova-fort/
  21. https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/450-years-of-harmony-and-faith-23458781
  22. https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-transfer-of-power-and-the-birth-of-two-countries
  23. https://www.the-india.fandom.com/wiki/Mumbai
  24. https://www.ghar.tv/blog/article_the-curious-case-of-madh-island-real-estate_126.html
  25. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262120374_Mumbai%27s_Real_Estate_Market_in_1990s_De-Regulation_Global_Money_and_Casino_Capitalism
  26. https://flashbackbollywood.substack.com/p/remember-these-90s-bollywood-homes
  27. https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/missing-2-000-mangrove-trees-at-a-madh-island-plot-hacked-burnt/story-GqnUINc7FYxE2Apk7IBMKP.html
  28. https://www.theclimategroup.org/media/13951/download
  29. https://mczma.gov.in/
  30. https://www.ritimo.org/A-Sea-of-Fury-a-brief-history-of-four-decades-of-struggle-of-the-National
  31. https://dwello.in/news/exploring-madh-island-mumbais-hidden-gem
  32. https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-04/Maharashtra.pdf
  33. https://www.udri.org/wp-content/uploads/Mumbai%20Reader/MR%209/25%20Sidh%20Losa%20Mendiratta%20-%20Uncovering%20Portuguese%20Histories%20Within%20Mumbai%E2%80%99s%20Urban%20History.pdf
  34. https://bharatbuzzz.com/how-to-reach-madh-fort-malad-all-about-2024/
  35. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g304554-d3437843-Reviews-Aksa_Beach-Mumbai_Maharashtra.html
  36. https://www.agoda.com/travel-guides/india/mumbai/aksa-beach-travel-guide-enjoy-sunset-chills-in-mumbai/
  37. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-spends-45-000-daily-to-clean-malad-s-7-beaches-101722453347121.html
  38. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mmb-to-beautify-three-mumbai-beaches-environmentalists-express-concern-over-protection-walls-and-construction-activities-101680635643848.html
  39. https://www.amastaysandtrails.com/en-in/destinations/things-to-do-in-madh-island
  40. https://seawatersports.com/places/mumbai/madh-island-in-maharashtra
  41. https://exhibits.jioinstitute.edu.in/spotlight/erangal-village
  42. https://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2008/07/16th-century-church-of-st-bonaventure.html
  43. https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-historic-erangal-church-begins-9-day-novena-to-mark-annual-st-bonaventure-feast
  44. https://www.archdioceseofbombay.org/parishes/olsea-madh
  45. https://bijoor.me/2019/11/30/goddesses-of-mumbai-madh-ambet/
  46. https://www.justdial.com/Mumbai/Temples-in-Madh-Island/nct-10475644
  47. https://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend/ambu-island-a-rare-mumbai-island-where-hindu-muslim-christian-traditions-coexist
  48. https://heritagechronicles.blogspot.com/2021/03/the-charms-of-east-indian-community.html
  49. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/centre-clears-proposal-cable-stayed-flyover-between-mumbai-madh-island-versova-10153084/
  50. https://moovitapp.com/index/en/public_transit-line-271-Mumbai-3732-857915-585372-0
  51. https://mumbaicitybus.in/route-no/271/
  52. https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Andheri-Station/Madh-Island
  53. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-demolishes-9-structures-for-mumbai-s-marve-road-widening-including-st-anthony-church-s-priest-s-bungalow-heritage-site-affected-101684870106124.html
  54. https://www.justdial.com/Mumbai/Aksa-Beach-Mcgm-Paid-Car-Parking/022PXX22-XX22-220601102908-E9N8_BZDET
  55. https://citizenmatters.in/mumbai-toll-charges-infrastructure/
  56. https://moovitapp.com/index/en/public_transit-line-ferry-Mumbai-3732-888265-131457358-0
  57. https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/ferry-tale-the-next-time-you-are-in-mumbai-try-out-these-rides/story-U720Ho2hRAMMJ4BCZ74cQM.html
  58. https://www.tripsavvy.com/charter-a-yacht-mumbai-1539512
  59. https://www.360cities.net/es/image/boat-graveyard-in-madh-island-mumbai
  60. https://timesproperty.com/news/post/madh-to-versova-in-10-mins-project-just-one-approval-away-blid10281
  61. https://chargedevs.com/newswire/mumbai-turns-to-the-sea-and-candela-p-12-electric-hydrofoil-ferries-to-cut-traffic/
  62. https://www.amastaysandtrails.com/en-in/destinations/bungalows-and-villas-in-madh-island
  63. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/pradhan-mantri-matsya-sampada-yojana-amit-shah-presents-gets-two-deep-sea-fishing-boats-to-maharashtra-co-ops-10330379/
  64. https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/articles/entry/mumbais-indigenous-fishers-battle-an-untenable-future/
  65. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/warming-sees-mumbai-fishermen-1.7053230
  66. https://kartavyasadhana.in/view-article/neha-rane-priyanka-akkar-part-one-analysis-of-fishing-cooperatives
  67. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/madh-island-land-allotment-proposal-for-dharavi-redevelopment-project/articleshow/114021781.cms
  68. https://wanderon.in/blogs/madh-island
  69. https://mumbai.fandom.com/wiki/Madh_Island
  70. https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/offering-coconuts-to-the-sea-eating-karanjis-and-decorating-boats-with-flowers-a-look-at-how-mumbais-koli-community-preserves-cultural-connection-to-the-sea-23376461
  71. https://mhsindia.org/all/christian-kolis-mumbais-living-heritage/210044/
  72. https://maharashtratourism.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Maharashtra-Vision-Document-2047-150-Days.pdf
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.