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Indian locomotive class WAP-5
Indian locomotive class WAP-5
Indian locomotive class WAP-5
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WAP-5
Vadodara based WAP-5 hauling Gujarat Express.
Type and origin
Power typeElectric
BuilderChittaranjan Locomotive Works (India)
Adtranz (Switzerland)
ModelLok 2000
Build date1995–present
Total produced249 as of February 2026
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • UICBo'Bo'
Gauge5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm)
BogiesHenschel Flexifloat
Wheel diameterNew: 1,092 mm (3 ft 7 in)
Half-worn: 1,054 mm (3 ft 5+1⁄2 in)
Full-worn: 1,016 mm (3 ft 4 in)
Wheelbase13,000 mm (42 ft 8 in)
Length18,162 mm (59 ft 7 in)
Width3,142 mm (10 ft 3+3⁄4 in)
Height4,237 mm (13 ft 11 in)
Axle load19.5 tonnes (19.2 long tons; 21.5 short tons)
Loco weight78 tonnes (77 long tons; 86 short tons)
Electric system/s25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead
Current pickupPantograph
Traction motors4 ABB 6FXA 7059
Gear ratio67:35:17 (160 km/h)
59:35:19 (180 km/h)
MU working2
Loco brakeAir and Regenerative
Train brakesAir
Safety systemsTPWS (Train Protection and Warning System), Vigilance Control, Slip/Slide Control, Main Overload Relay, No Volt Relay, Over Voltage Protection and Earth Fault Relay
Performance figures
Maximum speedOperational: 160 km/h (99 mph)
Trials: 184 km/h (114 mph)
WAP-5A: 200 km/h (124 mph)[1]
Power output6,000 hp (4,474 kW)
Tractive effortStarting: 258 kN (58,000 lbf)
Career
OperatorsIndian Railways
Numbers30000-30200 & 35001-35052
Delivered1995-1996
First run1997
DispositionActive

The Indian locomotive class WAP-5 is a class of electric locomotives used by Indian Railways. The first ten locomotives were imported from Adtranz in Switzerland in 1995 and later manufactured by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in India. On 3 July 2014, a WAP-5 set an Indian speed record by hauling a train between Delhi and Agra at a speed of 160 km/h (99 mph).[2] The locomotive has regenerative braking, flexible gear coupling, wheel-mounted disc brakes, and a potential for speed enhancement to 200 km/h (120 mph). Braking systems include 160 kN (36,000 lbf) regenerative brakes, disc brakes, automatic train air brakes and a charged spring parking brake.

Locomotive sheds

[edit]

Last updated:- February 2026[3]

Zone Shed Shed Code Quantity Introduction Year
Central Railway Kalyan KYNE 8 2025
Eastern Railway Howrah HWHE 36 2019
Northern Railway Ghaziabad GZBE 121 1997
North Eastern Railway Gorakhpur GKPL 4 2026
Southern Railway Erode EDE 10 2025
Royapuram RPME 4 2025
South Central Railway Lallaguda LGDE 4 2026
Western Railway Vadodara BRCE 60 2011
Valsad BLEE 2 2025
Grand Total 249

Variants

[edit]
Aerodynamic Ghaziabad WAP-5 30164 hauling the Rupashi Bangla Express

In October 2015, a WAP-5A locomotive (no. 30086) was rolled-out with a gear ratio of 59:35:19 capable of speeds up to 200 km/h (120 mph) for trial runs. In March 2018, a WAP-5 locomotive (no. 30136) with an enhanced power output of 4,500 kilowatts (6,000 hp) was released which was later adopted as a standard based on successful trials. Some locomotives of this class are equipped with "Head On Generation" (HOG) in which electric power from the locomotive's pantograph is transferred to the coaches instead of End Of Generation where a power car equipped with diesel generator is provided at either end of the train rake to supply power.[4][5][6] The first WAP-5 locomotive (no. 30140) with HOG was rolled by CLW in June 2018.[citation needed]

A standard livery Howrah based HoG equipped WAP-5 standing at Berhampore Court
One of the Tejas WAP-5s hauling the Thiruvananthapuram North-Indore Weekly Express

In October 2020, two WAP-5 locomotives (no. 35012 and 35013) were given an asymmetric body design with an aerodynamic profile for one cab and a blunt profile for another cab at the opposite end, which is intended to be semi-permanently coupled with a train in a push-pull configuration for Tejas Express services. The two locomotives have a power output of 6,000 horsepower (4,500 kW) and will have a maximum speed of 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph).[7] Two modified WAP-5 locomotives (35027 and 35028) are used to haul the Amrit Bharat Express in a similar push-pull configuration.[8][9]

A WAP-5s one in front and other in back locomotive in Amrit Bharat Express livery

Technical specifications

[edit]

A 24 coach (1430 t) passenger rake can be accelerated to 110 km/h in 312.1 seconds (over 6 Km), to 120 km/h in 402sec (6.9km); and to 130km/h in 556 sec (14.2km) by a WAP5.[10][11] Specifications are as follows:[12]

Technical specifications
General Information
Gauge Broad gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)
Line voltage 25000 V
Type of current Alternating Current (AC)
Axle load 19.5 tonnes (19.2 long tons; 21.5 short tons)
AAR classification Bo-Bo
Length over head-stocks 16,880 mm (55 ft 4+5⁄8 in)
Length over buffers 18,162 mm (59 ft 7 in)
Bogie wheel base 2,800 mm (9 ft 2+1⁄4 in)
Wheel base 13,000 mm (42 ft 7+3⁄4 in)
Body width 3,142 mm (10 ft 3+3⁄4 in)
Cab length 2,434 mm (7 ft 11+7⁄8 in)
Pantograph locked down height 4,237 mm (13 ft 10+3⁄4 in)
Bogie center distance 10,200 mm (33 ft 5+5⁄8 in)
Height over pantograph 4,237 mm (13 ft 10+3⁄4 in)
Body width 3,142 mm (10 ft 3+3⁄4 in)
Coupling Central Buffer Couplers (CBC)
Surface corrugated or plain
Traction motors
Type 6FXA 7059 3-phase asynchronous motors, 1,166 kW (1,563 hp), 2180 V, 370 A continuous, 396 A for 1 hr, 540 A max, 1585 rpm continuous, 3174 rpm max, Weight 1990 kg. Forced-air ventilation, partly suspended. Torque 6930/10000 N-m. 96% efficiency.
Make ABB
Traction motors insulation Class 200
Traction Motor's Short Time Overload Rating 1150 kW, 1540 V, 540 A, 1107 rpm
Traction Motor's 1 hour rating 1150 kW, 2044 V, 396 A, 1485 rpm
Traction Motor's Continuous Rating 1150 kW, 2180 V, 370 A, 1585 rpm
Number of Traction Motors 4
Gear Ratio 67:35:17 (160 km/h or 99 mph)
59:35:19 (200 km/h or 120 mph)
Transformer
Type ABB LOT-7500/LOT-7775: {7475 kVA/7775 kVA, 25 kV, 299A-primary/311A}-primary, {4x1269 V, 4x1450 kVA, 4x1142 A}-secondary, {1000 V, 334 kVA, 334 A}-Auxiliary, {960 V, 2x622.5 kVA, 2x648 A}- Hotel Load and {1154 V, 400 kVA, 347 A}-Filter
Transformer Insulation Class A
Make ABB, HI VOLT, BHEL
Weight 10000 +/-3% kg
Power Converter
Number of converters 2
Semiconductors GTO thyristors / IGBT
GTO

Type : UW-2423-2810
SG 3000G X H24 GTO thyristors (D 921S45 T diodes), 14 thyristors per unit (two units). Line converter rated at 2 x 1269 V @ 50 Hz, with DC link voltage of 2800 V. Drive converter rated at 2180 V phase to phase, 953 A output current *per phase, motor frequency from 0 to 160.3 Hz.

IGBT IGBT type 5SNA 1200G450300

2105 kW, individual axle control configuration, MITRAC software, water cooled. Newer locomotives have IGBT based propulsion system.

Hotel Load Converter
Make BHEL / ABB
Rating 2x500 kVA
Voltage 750 V +/- 5%, 3 phase
Bogie
Type Bo-Bo Henschel Flexifloat bogies with quill drive.

Bogie center distance 10,200 mm (33.5 ft); bogie wheelbase 2,800 mm (9.2 ft)

  • Unsprung mass per axle: 2.691 t
  • This Locomotive has a Fully Suspended Drive.
Drive Arrangement Gear coupling and 3-stage gears
Design 2-axle fabricated
Primary suspension coil
Secondary suspension coil
Pantograph
Type Two Stone India (Calcutta) AM-92, Two WBL-85, Two Schunk for the imported locomotives.
Pantograph Weight 231 kg
Other information
2 FLAKT ABB Traction Motor Blowers 3.6 cubic meter per sec
Landert Traction Motor Blower Motor 3 phase, 415 V, 50 Hz, 2930 rpm, 25 kW
200L55-RFXH2A-01 Traction Motor Blower Motor Insulation Class F
2 Oil Cooler Blowers 8.8 cubic meter per sec
Landert Oil Cooler Blower Motor 3 phase, 415 V, 50 Hz,2930 rpm, 25 kW
200L55-RH2A Oil Cooler Blower Motor Insulation Class F
2 Howden Safanco Scavenge Blowers for Traction Motors and Oil Cooler Blower 0.664 cubic meter per sec
Landert Scavenge Blower Motor for Traction Motors and Oil Cooler 3 phase, 415 V, 50 Hz, 2850 rpm, 3 kW
100L28-R2C Scavenge Motor Blower Motor Insulation Class H
2 Transformer Oil Pumps by Plumeliaz 1000 liters per minute
Landert Transformer Oil Pump Motor 3-phase, 415 V, 50 Hz, 2850 rpm, 4.7 kW
112M-2B type Transformer Oil Pump Motor Insulation Class F
2 Converter Oil Pumps by Plumeliaz 960 liters per minute
Converter Oil Pump Motor by Landert 3-phase, 415 V, 50 Hz, 2860 rpm, 11 kW
112M-2F type Converter Oil Pump Motor Insulation Class F
2 Main Compressors by D&M 1 kg/cm2
Main Compressor Motor by Landert 3-phase, 415 V, 50 Hz, 730 rpm, 15 kW
200155-RPAH8B Main Compressor Motor Insulation Class H
2 Machine Room Blower by Flakt and ABB 1 cubic meter per sec.
Machine Room Blower Motor by Landert 1-phase, 415 V, 50 Hz, 2830 rpm, 2.6 kW
132M-RFXHE2C type Machine Room Blower Motor Insulation Class F
Scavenge Blower for Machine Room Blower by Howden Safanco 0.1 cubic meter per sec.
Scavenge Blower Motor for Machine Room Blower by Landert 1-phase, 415 V, 50 Hz, 2910 rpm, 0.75 kW
9DL24-RE2C type Scavenge Blower Motor for Machine Room Blower Insulation Class F
Auxiliary Compressor by D&M and Bristol 141.6 ft per min., 7.03 kg per cm2.
Auxiliary Compressor Motor by D&M 110 VDC, 1450 rpm, 75 kW
Battery by Saft Nife 110 V, 199 AH, NiCd (SAF-39 SBL199)

Performance

[edit]

The WAP-5 (5440 HP) has the following capacity for ICF coaches in tonnes:

Gradient Start 40 km/h 50 km/h 60 km/h 70 km/h 80 km/h 90 km/h 100 km/h 110 km/h 120 km/h 130 km/h 140 km/h 150 km/h 160 km/h
Level 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1470 1230
1 in 500 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1470 1250 1065 910
1 in 200 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1350 1160 995 860 745 645
1 in 150 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1310 1125 970 840 730 635 550
1 in 100 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1500+ 1460 1325 1125 970 840 730 635 555 480 420
1 in 50 1010 955 940 865 780 710 610 525 455 400 345 305 265 230

The average weight of an ICF coach is 55 tonnes.

See also

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References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Indian locomotive class WAP-5

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Indian locomotive class WAP-5 is a broad-gauge, 25 kV 50 Hz AC electric locomotive designed for high-speed passenger train operations on Indian Railways. It features a Bo-Bo axle configuration with three-phase traction technology, delivering a power output of 6,000 horsepower (4,474 kW), an axle load of 19.5 tonnes, and a maximum service speed of 160 km/h, with a design potential up to 210 km/h. The WAP-5 class, part of ' passenger series (where "WAP" denotes AC Passenger), originated from agreements, with the initial units imported from ABB/ in (the technology later evolved through acquisitions, now under ). Indigenous production began at (CLW) in 2000, with the first unit, named "Navodit," rolling out on May 17 of that year as the inaugural three-phase passenger for the network. As of March 2025, over 540 units have been manufactured at CLW, incorporating features like IGBT-based composite converters for traction and hotel load, and flexi-coil bogies for enhanced stability at high speeds. Notable for its aerodynamic design and push-pull capability, the WAP-5 has been upgraded for modern services, including integration with LHB (Linke Hofmann Busch) rakes on trains, enabling efficient operations without turning the locomotive at terminals. These locomotives are primarily allocated to sheds like , Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya (formerly ), and Ghaziabad, among others as of November 2025, hauling premium trains such as the Rajdhani and Shatabdi Expresses, and contribute significantly to ' electrification and speed enhancement initiatives. As of 2025, modifications include Head-on Generation (HOG) for onboard power, KAVACH anti-collision systems, and Real-Time Train Information Systems (RTIS) for improved safety and efficiency.

Background and Development

Introduction

The Indian locomotive class WAP-5 is a broad-gauge designed primarily for hauling high-speed trains on electrified sections of the network. Its classification follows the standard Indian Railways nomenclature, where "W" denotes broad gauge (1,676 mm), "A" indicates AC electric traction, "P" signifies suitability for services, and "5" marks it as the fifth variant in the passenger electric series. Introduced in the mid-1990s, the WAP-5 represented a significant advancement as India's first 3-phase AC dedicated to traffic, enabling efficient operation of express and premium trains. The locomotives were initially imported from ABB in starting in 1995 as part of a technology transfer collaboration between and the Swiss firm, which facilitated indigenous production and design enhancements. (CLW) commenced domestic manufacturing in 2000, building on the imported prototypes to meet the growing demand for faster passenger services. As of November 2025, 249 units have been produced, with ongoing upgrades ensuring their continued relevance in high-speed operations.

Development History

In the early 1990s, accelerated the electrification of its network, with approximately 4,500 route kilometers added between 1980 and 1990, creating a need for advanced high-speed passenger locomotives to support premium services on electrified mainlines. The limitations of earlier classes like WAP-1 through WAP-4, which relied on older traction technologies, prompted the conceptualization of the WAP-5 as a next-generation capable of higher speeds and efficiency for passenger traffic. To realize this, partnered with ABB (later ) for technology transfer on three-phase AC traction systems, leading to the import of the first eleven WAP-5 locomotives from in 1995. These units, including prototypes numbered 30000 and 30001, underwent initial assembly and testing at ABB's workshops in and before shipment to . Upon arrival, prototype #30001 was trialed at (CLW) in 1996 to validate performance under Indian conditions. Series production commenced at CLW following the , with the first indigenously built unit, #30011 named Navodit, rolled out on May 17, 2000, and entering service shortly thereafter. Production ramped up through the 2000s to meet surging demand for hauling premier trains such as Rajdhani and Shatabdi expresses, resulting in around 200 units operational by 2010. Post-2010 developments included enhancements tied to broader infrastructure improvements, such as the rollout of Dedicated Freight Corridors, which alleviated freight congestion on passenger routes and enabled more consistent high-speed operations for WAP-5 locomotives. Production has since slowed, with only two units built in the financial year 2024-25. As of November 2025, the class continues in active service with ongoing maintenance upgrades, including aerodynamic conversions at CLW for improved efficiency on modern rakes like Amrit Bharat trains.

Design and Features

Overall Design

The Indian locomotive class WAP-5 employs a wheel arrangement, featuring two bogies each equipped with two powered axles to provide balanced traction and maneuverability suitable for high-speed passenger services. This configuration ensures efficient power distribution across the axles, with an adhesive weight allocation that optimizes grip on the tracks during acceleration and deceleration. The locomotive's body adopts a structure integrated with reinforced plastic (FRP) to minimize weight while enhancing structural integrity and aerodynamic performance. Overall dimensions include a over buffers of 18.16 , a width of 3.14 , and a height of 4.25 (with locked down), allowing compatibility with standard Indian broad-gauge . Key aerodynamic elements, such as a streamlined section, reduce air resistance and enable a speed capability of 200 km/h, contributing to energy efficiency at elevated velocities. At the core of the is a central driving cab, positioned for optimal visibility and balance, equipped with ergonomic controls including an adjustable driver's desk to support comfort during extended operations. The cab measures approximately 2.43 meters in length and incorporates impact-resistant windshields for safety. Underneath, the s utilize Flexicoil Mark-I suspension systems, featuring helical coil springs in primary and secondary stages to maintain stability and ride at speeds up to 160 km/h in operational service, with provisions for higher potentials. This suspension design also facilitates smooth lateral guidance between the bogie and body, essential for high-speed curving.

Key Technological Features

The WAP-5 locomotive introduced three-phase AC traction technology to , marking the first implementation of this system in the fleet for enhanced efficiency and performance. This technology employs (IGBT)-based inverters to provide precise variable speed control of the traction motors, allowing smoother acceleration and better adhesion under varying load conditions. The shift to three-phase AC drive from earlier DC systems reduces maintenance needs by eliminating brushes and commutators, contributing to higher reliability in high-speed passenger operations. Microprocessor-based control systems in the WAP-5 enable advanced vigilance monitoring and fault diagnostics, supporting practices. The Vigilance Control Device (VCD) ensures driver attentiveness through periodic alerts, automatically initiating emergency braking if unresponsive, while integrated diagnostic modules log faults in real-time for quick and reduced . These systems facilitate proactive repairs by identifying issues like traction converter anomalies before they escalate, improving overall operational safety and availability. Regenerative braking in the WAP-5 recovers during deceleration, feeding it back to the overhead to reduce overall by 12-15%. This feature not only lowers operational costs but also minimizes wear on mechanical brakes, extending their in frequent stop-start services. The includes dedicated hotel load provisions via an auxiliary converter integrated into the traction , supplying three-phase for coach lighting, air-conditioning, and other amenities without requiring separate generators. This setup, rated for 3x130 kVA, ensures stable 415 output while drawing from the main , streamlining power distribution and enhancing comfort on long-haul trains. Safety enhancements feature a deadman pedal that triggers automatic braking if released, integrated with the VCD for comprehensive monitoring.

Technical Specifications

Electrical and Power Systems

The WAP-5 locomotive draws its power from the ' standard 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead system, which supplies single-phase to the locomotive via pantographs. This setup ensures efficient over long distances with minimal substations, supporting high-speed passenger operations. The main , a critical component in the power conversion chain, is of type LOT 7775 with a capacity of 7,775 kVA and steps down the incoming 25 kV supply to approximately 2,180 V suitable for the traction system. This facilitates the distribution of power to the traction motors and auxiliary systems, incorporating oil-immersed cooling for reliability under sustained loads, and includes a load winding for supplying onboard . Power is delivered to six traction motors, specifically ABB 6FXA 7059 three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors, each rated at 1,150 kW. These motors, mounted on the bogies in a configuration, provide asynchronous AC drive with forced-air cooling, enabling smooth acceleration and high efficiency in passenger service. The locomotive's one-hour stands at 6,000 hp (4,474 kW), while the continuous rating is 5,450 hp (4,060 kW), reflecting the system's capability to handle peak demands during high-speed runs without overheating. Current collection is managed by two single-arm diamond pantographs equipped with auto-lowering features for safety and maintenance. These pantographs, designed for dynamic contact with the , support speeds up to 160 km/h and include carbon strip collectors to minimize wear and ensure consistent power pickup.

Mechanical and Structural Specifications

The WAP-5 locomotive features a wheel arrangement with Henschel Flexifloat bogies, designed for high-speed passenger service on . Its is 19.5 tonnes, enabling efficient operation on standard broad-gauge tracks while maintaining stability at elevated speeds. The total weight of the locomotive is 78 tonnes, contributing to a favorable that supports rapid acceleration for express trains. The overall length over buffers measures 18,162 mm, with a compact structural design that integrates aerodynamic elements for reduced drag during high-speed runs. The braking system combines with a maximum effort of 160 kN, electro-pneumatic disc brakes mounted on the wheels, automatic train air brakes, and a charged spring , ensuring reliable deceleration and in passenger operations. This setup allows for smooth control in multiple-unit configurations, limited to two locomotives. The gear ratio is configured as 67:35:17 in a three-stage arrangement, optimized for high-speed passenger duty with maximum operational speeds up to 160 km/h. As an , the WAP-5 relies on overhead power for all operations, with auxiliaries supplied by the hotel load winding and converters. Sand for traction enhancement is stored in a total capacity of about 220 liters across side and center boxes, aiding on varied track conditions. The employs standard AAR tight-lock couplers, facilitating secure multiple-unit operation and compatibility with rakes.
SpecificationDetail
19.5 tonnes
Total Weight78 tonnes
Braking SystemRegenerative (160 kN), electro-pneumatic disc, air train, charged spring parking
Gear Ratio67:35:17 (3-stage)
Sand Capacity~220 liters
Coupler TypeAAR tight-lock

Variants and Upgrades

Standard WAP-5

The standard WAP-5 represents the baseline configuration of ' high-speed electric passenger locomotives, manufactured primarily at (CLW). Indigenous production commenced in May 2000 with the rollout of the first unit, following the importation of initial prototypes in the mid-1990s, and has continued intermittently through 2025. The initial prototypes comprised 11 units imported from ABB (now part of ), establishing the class's core design. Locomotives in this class are assigned serial numbers in the 30000 series, with the prototypes bearing numbers 30001 through 30011, and subsequent production units numbered 30012 and beyond. The original design features a power rating of 5,450 horsepower (hp), enabling efficient hauling of passenger trains, and is engineered for a maximum operational speed of 160 km/h as certified by the Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO). These specifications draw from the class's foundational electrical and power systems, optimized for AC traction. The cost per unit for standard WAP-5 locomotives was approximately ₹12.27 as per production data from 2021-22. By November 2025, around 250 units had been built, positioning the standard WAP-5 as a foundational element of ' passenger fleet for medium- to high-speed services.

Enhanced and Modified Variants

The WAP-5 class has undergone several post-production upgrades to enhance power output, speed capabilities, and operational efficiency, with notable advancements beginning in the mid-2010s. In 2018, Indian Railways introduced upgraded WAP-5 locomotives featuring insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) enhancements in the traction system, boosting the locomotive's power to 6,000 hp from the standard 5,450 hp. This upgrade improves acceleration and hauling capacity, allowing the upgraded WAP-5 to manage 20-21 coach trains at speeds up to 160 km/h. Some WAP-5 locomotives have been modified with alternative gear ratios (59:35:19 or similar) and single-arm pantographs rated for higher currents and speeds, enabling semi-high-speed operations reaching 180 km/h in trials on upgraded tracks. In , modifications focused on thermal management, incorporating enhanced cooling systems to support prolonged high-speed runs without thermal throttling. For instance, locomotive number 30136 was retrofitted to deliver a continuous power output of 4,500 kW, demonstrating improved reliability during extended operations. As of 2024, select WAP-5 locomotives have been upgraded with aerodynamic cab designs, Head-on-Generation (HOG) for onboard power, and push-pull capabilities for efficient operations on trains, allowing non-terminal turning without locomotive reversal. These enhancements support integration with LHB (Linke Hofmann Busch) rakes and contribute to speed enhancement initiatives. Ongoing retrofit programs have integrated modern components for maintenance and energy efficiency across locomotives, including 3D-printed spare parts for critical components to reduce downtime and costs.

Operations and Deployment

Locomotive Sheds

The WAP-5 locomotives are primarily allocated to electric loco sheds within the Northern, Central, Western, Eastern, and Southern Railway zones, with holdings designed to support high-speed passenger operations on key electrified sections. As of November 2025, the active fleet totals approximately 250 units, distributed across multiple sheds to ensure efficient maintenance and deployment. Major maintenance facilities include Ghaziabad Electric Loco Shed (Northern Railway), which bases 131 WAP-5 units for northern network operations. Vadodara Electric Loco Shed (Western Railway) holds 64 units, focusing on western corridor services. Electric Loco Shed (Eastern Railway) maintains 40 units for eastern routes. Smaller allocations include Electric Loco Shed (Central Railway, 8 units), Electric Loco Shed (Southern Railway, 4 units), and Electric Loco Shed (Western Railway, 2 units). Heavy scheduled maintenance for the class is conducted at facilities like (CLW) and major electric loco sheds such as Ghaziabad and , while light and intermediate repairs occur at divisional facilities like Electric Loco Shed. These sheds play a critical role in ensuring locomotive availability, with allocations adjusted based on traffic demands. Post-2020, following the electrification of high-density corridors like Delhi-Mumbai, several WAP-5 units have been relocated to sheds along these routes, including , , and , to enhance capacity for premium passenger trains.

Notable Train Services

The WAP-5 locomotives are extensively deployed on premium high-speed passenger services, most notably hauling the Gatimaan Express on the Delhi-Agra route at speeds up to 160 km/h, making it one of India's fastest conventional train operations. These locomotives also regularly power trains across multiple long-distance routes, including the Delhi-Mumbai corridor, where twin units have been trialed to enhance acceleration and reduce journey durations. WAP-5 operations cover major electrified corridors such as Delhi-Howrah, Mumbai-Delhi, and Chennai-Bengaluru, supporting efficient passenger movement on these high-density networks. On the Chennai-Bengaluru route, for instance, WAP-5 units have been utilized for premium services like the Chennai-Bengaluru Superfast Express, demonstrating their versatility in regional travel. In terms of hauling capacity, a single WAP-5 can manage up to 24 ICF coaches at speeds of 130-160 km/h on level gradients, while multiple-unit configurations—typically twin locomotives—enable handling heavier loads for extended formations without compromising performance. As of 2025, upgraded aerodynamic WAP-5 variants are seeing increased deployment on routes in push-pull mode, serving as dedicated backups for these non-AC premium services while strictly avoiding freight assignments due to their passenger-optimized design. This focus on passenger duties has contributed to overall reductions in travel times on electrified sections, enhancing connectivity and economic efficiency for key inter-city links.

Performance and Records

Speed and Efficiency

The WAP-5 locomotive is designed for a maximum speed of 210 km/h, enabling high-speed passenger services, though operational limits on Indian Railways networks restrict it to 160 km/h to ensure safety and track compatibility. Its starting tractive effort of 258 kN (approximately 26,300 kgf) supports strong initial pull for accelerating heavy passenger formations. Acceleration performance is a key strength, facilitated by its 4,500 kW power output and three-phase AC traction system. This rapid buildup allows for shorter dwell times at intermediate stops and improved schedule adherence on express routes. In terms of efficiency, the WAP-5 benefits from advanced that optimize traction and auxiliary loads. recovers up to 20% of braking energy, feeding it back to the overhead and reducing overall demand from the grid. Minimized use of diesel auxiliaries for non-traction functions, such as battery charging, contributes to lower auxiliary energy needs. Compared to the predecessor WAP-4 class, the WAP-5 offers faster running times on equivalent routes, owing to superior acceleration and higher sustained speeds, which enhance throughput on busy corridors.

Operational Achievements and Records

The WAP-5 class achieved a significant milestone during its early testing phase when a prototype reached a speed of 184 km/h in June 1997 on the Ghaziabad-Kanpur section between and Somna, marking the highest speed recorded for an Indian electric locomotive at that time on broad gauge tracks. This trial demonstrated the locomotive's potential for high-speed passenger services, derived from the Swiss Lok design, though operational limits were later set at 160 km/h due to infrastructure constraints. In operational service, the WAP-5 set an Indian Railways speed record on July 3, 2014, by hauling a 10-coach train from Delhi to Agra at an average speed exceeding 120 km/h, with peak speeds of 160 km/h, completing the 188 km journey in under 90 minutes during trials for the Gatimaan Express. This performance paved the way for the Gatimaan Express's inauguration in April 2016 as India's first semi-high-speed train, regularly operating at up to 160 km/h between Hazrat Nizamuddin and Agra Cantonment, hauled exclusively by WAP-5 locomotives from the Ghaziabad shed. As of 2025, upgraded WAP-5 variants continue to play a key role in semi-high-speed initiatives, including the retrofitting of aerodynamic cabs on units produced at in 2024 for push-pull operation with trains, enhancing acceleration and reliability on routes demanding speeds up to 130-160 km/h. These modifications, incorporating IGBT-based traction systems, have supported over 25 years of service without widespread reports of major structural failures attributable to the locomotive design itself.

References

  1. https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/WAP5%20Revised%20final%20maximum%20permissble%20speed%20certificate%20of%20WAP5%20loco%20%20up%20to%20160kmph.pdf
  2. https://clw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C294%2C301
  3. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-produces-1-681-locos-in-fy25-more-than-us-europe-11743598137073.html
  4. https://railanalysis.in/rail-news/clw-flags-off-first-aerodynamic-wap-5-electric-locomotives-for-amrit-bharat-trains/
  5. https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco2e.html
  6. https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco.html
  7. https://www.irfca.org/members/sites/shanky/wam01/wap05/wap05.html
  8. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1592436
  9. https://www.railway.supply/indian-railways-unveils-upgraded-wap-5-locomotives-for-the-amrit-bharat-train-fleet/
  10. https://thelogicalindian.com/indian-railways-timeline/
  11. https://www.irfca.org/articles/electric-2.html
  12. https://www.railsaver.gov.in/documents/IRElectricalDirectorate.pdf
  13. https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Locos/Electric/wap5_7/wap5abb/
  14. https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/loco_bank/Hload_Rlydetails.aspx?orly=NR&type=WAP5
  15. https://dfccil.com/upload/DFC_Journal_issue_sep_19.pdf
  16. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2117830
  17. https://iricen.gov.in/iricen/books_jquery/bo-bo.pdf
  18. https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Maintenance%2520handbook%2520on%2520Flexicoil%2520Bogies%2520Mark-I%281%29.pdf
  19. https://clw.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/WAP-5%2520Aerodynamic%2520Electric.pdf
  20. http://www.geocities.ws/lococlw/wap5.html
  21. https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/trains-that-northern-railways-first-ever-aerodynamic-superfast-locomotive-will-power-1384496-2018-11-08
  22. https://www.facebook.com/RailMinIndia/posts/clw-today-produced-1st-loco-with-aerodynamically-ergonomically-design-capable-of/1202454906568168/
  23. https://www.scribd.com/document/551071328/bo-bo
  24. https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard//uploads/directorate/stat_econ/IRSP_2015-16/Year_Book_Eng/14.pdf
  25. https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/PUB0001%20Rev_0%20Data%20Book%20of%20Electric%20Locomotives%202016.pdf
  26. https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/final%2520Draft_25%2520kV%2520traction%2520SCADA_SPECIFICATION%2520Final%2520Draft.pdf
  27. https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya3/0/7/9/3/1836793/0/draftspecificationformantransformer7775kvawithincr.pdf
  28. https://clw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C298%2C489
  29. https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C4%2C6523%2C7086%2C7087%2C7092%2C7132%2C7137
  30. https://clw.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/S_Note1-31_03_22.pdf
  31. https://indian-railways.fandom.com/wiki/WAP_5
  32. https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/WAP5%2520Revised%2520final%2520maximum%2520permissble%2520speed%2520certificate%2520of%2520WAP5%2520loco%2520%2520up%2520to%2520160kmph.pdf
  33. https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance/2023/Compendium%2520of%2520Unit%2520Cost%2520of%2520Rolling%2520Stock%2520for%252021-22%2520Final.pdf
  34. https://medha.com/electric-locomotive-6000-hp-in-push-pull-configuration-hauling-22-passenger-coaches/
  35. https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-indian-railways-flags-off-first-aerodynamic-wap-5-electric-locos-for-amrit-bharat-trains-3645247/
  36. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/a-jeevith-3bb4b2157_3dprinting-railwayinnovation-indianrailways-activity-7319757392068362241-7WdO
  37. https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,549,686,701
  38. https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding_09_25.pdf
  39. https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/ele_engg/2025/3_holding_04_25.pdf
  40. https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/9956
  41. https://www.iamrenew.com/green-transportation/wap-5-electric-locomotives-cut-delhi-mumbai-rajdhani-express-time/
  42. https://www.irfca.org/docs/high-speed-evolution.html
  43. https://blog.trainman.in/blog/indian-railways-high-speed-engine/
  44. https://ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1490857182252-1.pdf
  45. https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya4/0/8/3/3/1731833/0/draftrevisedspecificationrdso2010elspec0107rev4752.pdf
  46. https://www.irjet.net/archives/V9/i4/IRJET-V9I4558.pdf
  47. https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138563
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