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Werdersch
Werdersch (German: Werdersch, Mundart der Weichselwerder) is a subdialect of Low Prussian, which itself is a subdialect of Low German. This dialect is spoken in Poland and was spoken in the former province of West Prussia. Werdersch is closely related to Nehrungisch and Plautdietsch.
Its name derives from the Weichselwerder (lit. 'Vistula River islands'), which are Żuławy Gdańskie (between Wisła Gdańska and Gdańskie Wyżyny) and Żuławy Malborskie (German: Großes Werder; between Vistula, Szkarpawa, Vistula Lagoon, and Nogat).
It also was spoken West of Vistula river.
The dialect spoken in the Werder at that time is very similar to the dialect of Molotschna. The distinctive features of Molotschna-Plautdietsch as opposed to Chortitza-Plautdietsch are given at Plautdietsch#Varieties. Its eastern border was to Oberländisch, a High Prussian variety.
Werdersch developed after Dutch-speaking immigrants from the Netherlands moved in the sixteenth century to the region[where?] where Werdersch is spoken. Żuławy Malborskie was divided linguistically into the respective area of Werderisch and Niederungisch, the former related to Molotschna-Plautdietsch, the latter related to Chortitza-Plautdietsch being part of Nehrungisch. Half of the immigrants were Mennonites, the other half were Protestants. Though not all were from Holland (some were German colonists), they were all referred to as Hollanders. Many of the Mennonites spoke Low German. The early Anabaptists from the province of Friesland spoke Frisian. Groups of Flemish Mennonites and Frisian Mennonites were early arrivals; they later also continued on to Russia. The difference between these two groups was religious rather than ethnic. The Frisian parish of Orłowskie Pole (Orlofferfelde) merged with the Old Flemish parish of Lubieszewo (Ladekopp). The Old Flemish parish of Großes Werder later became the four parishes of Różewo (Rosenort), Cyganek (Nowy Dwór Gdański) (Tiegenhagen), Lubieszewo (Ladekopp) and Żuławki (Fürstenwerder). Elbląg (Elbing) had an Old Flemish Congregation. The Old Flemish parish of Großes Werder gave rise to the Frisian parish of Barcice (Tragheimerweide), also known as the Waterlander parish. Catherine the Great called some of these Mennonite immigrants further east to Russia. Most of the founders of the Molotschna Colony and the Chortitza Colony were Flemish Mennonites who spoke Werdersch. A variety in Molotschna not being part of Molotschna-Plautdietsch was the one of Waldheim, Gnadenfeld and Alexanderwohl originating from an area near Świecie in Poland. Both of these colonies were in Russia (now Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine), and were the origin of much of the modern-day Russian Mennonite diaspora. Orloff Mennonite Church in Molotschna Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine was the oldest congregation in the settlement. It was called Orloff-Halbstadt congregation, after 1877 as Orloff-Halbstadt-Neukirch congregation, until 1895, when Halbstadt also became independent. Thereafter it was called the Orloff-Neukirch congregation. Most residents of the following villages of the settlement were members of this congregation: Orloff, Tiege, Blumenort, Rosenort, Neukirch, Friedensruh, Tiegerweide, Frisian Mennonites in the early days of Chortitza Colony were in the minority in this mainly Frisian Mennonite colony, living in Kronsweide, Schöngarten, Kronsgarten and Einlage, strictly separate from the Flemish Mennonites. The Grosse Gemeinde was the Flemish mother church of the Molotschna, known as the Ohrloff-Petershagen-Halbstadt Church. Kleine Gemeinde was founded later. Grosse Gemeinde was renamed to Lichtenau-Petershagen Mennonite Church. Evangelische Mennoniten-Gemeinden was a group of congregations split from Mennonite Brethren. Molotschnaer Evangelische Mennonitenbrüderschaft and the congregation in Altonau were the most important congregations of the Evangelische Mennoniten-Gemeinden. It remained a grouping in Paraguay. In the American places Henderson, Nebraska, and Mountain Lake, Minnesota, related congregations were founded which later became known as the Evangelical Mennonite Brethren. In 1926 the total membership (including children) of the combined Mennonite congregations in the Molotschna was 15,036, of the Mennonite Brethren 2,501, and the Evangelical Mennonite Brethren 810, a total of 17,347. Schönsee Mennonite Church was a daughter of Lichtenau-Petershagen Mennonite Church, most residents of Liebenau being members thereof. Kirchliche Mennoniten was a term for those Mennonites without further designation such as Mennonite Brethren. Krimmer Mennonite Brethren in Ukraine had no connection to Mennonite Brethren. The so-called Kronsweide dialect also was spoken as the minority dialect in Chortzitza. Kronsweide was a place among the Chortitza Frisian group. A situation of majority and minority was the case in Molotschna Colony, where the Frisian Mennonites settled in Rudnerweide, consisting of seven villages. Krimmer Mennonite Brethren were a church of people from Molotschna and related to Kleine Gemeinde founded on Crimea. Its first congregation in the United States was at Gnadenau, Kansas. Kleine Gemeinde Mennonites are present in Belize and Tamaulipas inter alia.
In Alexandertal, also called the Mennonite settlement of Alt-Samara in Russia, there were Mennonites from West Prussia who came from the area of the Great Werder east of Gdansk and from the Graudenz lowlands further upstream of the Vistula. Most of the 19th-century Mennonite immigrants to the United States from Russia, Prussia or Poland joined the General Conference Mennonite Church. The descendants of the Mennonites of Dutch origin who came via Prussia in 1874 in 1955 largely constituted the membership of 6 General Conference Mennonite congregations. Among them there were churches at Beatrice, Nebraska, and Newton and Whitewater, Kansas.
The descendants of the Dutch who came via Prussia and South Russia, arriving in America in 1874 ff., constituted the major part of 70 congregations. This was the largest cultural group in the General Conference. Those congregations were scattered all over the West. Many were located in Kansas, Minnesota, and Canada. Alexanderwohl congregation at Goessel, and Hoffnungsau congregation at Inman, Kansas, were two of the original settlements in the United States, from which came a number of younger congregations.
The descendants of the Dutch who came via Prussia and Polish Russia in 1874 now largely constituted the membership of 11 congregations. Among them were Gnadenberg at Elbing, Johannesthal at Hillsboro, and churches at Canton and Pawnee Rock, Kansas, and Meno, Oklahoma. the first members of the Zion Mennonite Church (General Conference Mennonite) here, organized in 1883, came from the area near Elbing, West Prussia. The Mennonites settling in Hillsborough originated from Molotschna settlement, Russia (General Conference, Mennonite Brethren, and Krimmer Mennonite Brethren groups), from Poland (Johannestal), and a few from Prussia (Brudertal). Among the Rosenorter Mennonites were direct immigrants from Nowy Dwór Gdański (Tiegenhof) in Poland.
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Werdersch
Werdersch (German: Werdersch, Mundart der Weichselwerder) is a subdialect of Low Prussian, which itself is a subdialect of Low German. This dialect is spoken in Poland and was spoken in the former province of West Prussia. Werdersch is closely related to Nehrungisch and Plautdietsch.
Its name derives from the Weichselwerder (lit. 'Vistula River islands'), which are Żuławy Gdańskie (between Wisła Gdańska and Gdańskie Wyżyny) and Żuławy Malborskie (German: Großes Werder; between Vistula, Szkarpawa, Vistula Lagoon, and Nogat).
It also was spoken West of Vistula river.
The dialect spoken in the Werder at that time is very similar to the dialect of Molotschna. The distinctive features of Molotschna-Plautdietsch as opposed to Chortitza-Plautdietsch are given at Plautdietsch#Varieties. Its eastern border was to Oberländisch, a High Prussian variety.
Werdersch developed after Dutch-speaking immigrants from the Netherlands moved in the sixteenth century to the region[where?] where Werdersch is spoken. Żuławy Malborskie was divided linguistically into the respective area of Werderisch and Niederungisch, the former related to Molotschna-Plautdietsch, the latter related to Chortitza-Plautdietsch being part of Nehrungisch. Half of the immigrants were Mennonites, the other half were Protestants. Though not all were from Holland (some were German colonists), they were all referred to as Hollanders. Many of the Mennonites spoke Low German. The early Anabaptists from the province of Friesland spoke Frisian. Groups of Flemish Mennonites and Frisian Mennonites were early arrivals; they later also continued on to Russia. The difference between these two groups was religious rather than ethnic. The Frisian parish of Orłowskie Pole (Orlofferfelde) merged with the Old Flemish parish of Lubieszewo (Ladekopp). The Old Flemish parish of Großes Werder later became the four parishes of Różewo (Rosenort), Cyganek (Nowy Dwór Gdański) (Tiegenhagen), Lubieszewo (Ladekopp) and Żuławki (Fürstenwerder). Elbląg (Elbing) had an Old Flemish Congregation. The Old Flemish parish of Großes Werder gave rise to the Frisian parish of Barcice (Tragheimerweide), also known as the Waterlander parish. Catherine the Great called some of these Mennonite immigrants further east to Russia. Most of the founders of the Molotschna Colony and the Chortitza Colony were Flemish Mennonites who spoke Werdersch. A variety in Molotschna not being part of Molotschna-Plautdietsch was the one of Waldheim, Gnadenfeld and Alexanderwohl originating from an area near Świecie in Poland. Both of these colonies were in Russia (now Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine), and were the origin of much of the modern-day Russian Mennonite diaspora. Orloff Mennonite Church in Molotschna Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine was the oldest congregation in the settlement. It was called Orloff-Halbstadt congregation, after 1877 as Orloff-Halbstadt-Neukirch congregation, until 1895, when Halbstadt also became independent. Thereafter it was called the Orloff-Neukirch congregation. Most residents of the following villages of the settlement were members of this congregation: Orloff, Tiege, Blumenort, Rosenort, Neukirch, Friedensruh, Tiegerweide, Frisian Mennonites in the early days of Chortitza Colony were in the minority in this mainly Frisian Mennonite colony, living in Kronsweide, Schöngarten, Kronsgarten and Einlage, strictly separate from the Flemish Mennonites. The Grosse Gemeinde was the Flemish mother church of the Molotschna, known as the Ohrloff-Petershagen-Halbstadt Church. Kleine Gemeinde was founded later. Grosse Gemeinde was renamed to Lichtenau-Petershagen Mennonite Church. Evangelische Mennoniten-Gemeinden was a group of congregations split from Mennonite Brethren. Molotschnaer Evangelische Mennonitenbrüderschaft and the congregation in Altonau were the most important congregations of the Evangelische Mennoniten-Gemeinden. It remained a grouping in Paraguay. In the American places Henderson, Nebraska, and Mountain Lake, Minnesota, related congregations were founded which later became known as the Evangelical Mennonite Brethren. In 1926 the total membership (including children) of the combined Mennonite congregations in the Molotschna was 15,036, of the Mennonite Brethren 2,501, and the Evangelical Mennonite Brethren 810, a total of 17,347. Schönsee Mennonite Church was a daughter of Lichtenau-Petershagen Mennonite Church, most residents of Liebenau being members thereof. Kirchliche Mennoniten was a term for those Mennonites without further designation such as Mennonite Brethren. Krimmer Mennonite Brethren in Ukraine had no connection to Mennonite Brethren. The so-called Kronsweide dialect also was spoken as the minority dialect in Chortzitza. Kronsweide was a place among the Chortitza Frisian group. A situation of majority and minority was the case in Molotschna Colony, where the Frisian Mennonites settled in Rudnerweide, consisting of seven villages. Krimmer Mennonite Brethren were a church of people from Molotschna and related to Kleine Gemeinde founded on Crimea. Its first congregation in the United States was at Gnadenau, Kansas. Kleine Gemeinde Mennonites are present in Belize and Tamaulipas inter alia.
In Alexandertal, also called the Mennonite settlement of Alt-Samara in Russia, there were Mennonites from West Prussia who came from the area of the Great Werder east of Gdansk and from the Graudenz lowlands further upstream of the Vistula. Most of the 19th-century Mennonite immigrants to the United States from Russia, Prussia or Poland joined the General Conference Mennonite Church. The descendants of the Mennonites of Dutch origin who came via Prussia in 1874 in 1955 largely constituted the membership of 6 General Conference Mennonite congregations. Among them there were churches at Beatrice, Nebraska, and Newton and Whitewater, Kansas.
The descendants of the Dutch who came via Prussia and South Russia, arriving in America in 1874 ff., constituted the major part of 70 congregations. This was the largest cultural group in the General Conference. Those congregations were scattered all over the West. Many were located in Kansas, Minnesota, and Canada. Alexanderwohl congregation at Goessel, and Hoffnungsau congregation at Inman, Kansas, were two of the original settlements in the United States, from which came a number of younger congregations.
The descendants of the Dutch who came via Prussia and Polish Russia in 1874 now largely constituted the membership of 11 congregations. Among them were Gnadenberg at Elbing, Johannesthal at Hillsboro, and churches at Canton and Pawnee Rock, Kansas, and Meno, Oklahoma. the first members of the Zion Mennonite Church (General Conference Mennonite) here, organized in 1883, came from the area near Elbing, West Prussia. The Mennonites settling in Hillsborough originated from Molotschna settlement, Russia (General Conference, Mennonite Brethren, and Krimmer Mennonite Brethren groups), from Poland (Johannestal), and a few from Prussia (Brudertal). Among the Rosenorter Mennonites were direct immigrants from Nowy Dwór Gdański (Tiegenhof) in Poland.