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Yuri II of Vladimir
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Yuri II of Vladimir
Yuri II (Russian: Ю́рий–II, also transcribed as Iuri), also known as George II of Vladimir or Georgy II Vsevolodovich (26 November 1188 – 4 March 1238), was the fourth Grand Prince of Vladimir (1212–1216, 1218–1238) who presided over the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal at the time of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'.
He was the third son of Vsevolod III and of Maria Shvarnovna. He was the founder of Nizhny Novgorod and is venerated as a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church.
Yuri was born in Suzdal on 26 November 1188. On 28 July 1192, he underwent the knightly tonsure ceremony in Suzdal, a rite of passage that marked him as a warrior, and was placed on a horse for the first time.
He first distinguished himself in battles against the Principality of Ryazan in 1207. In the winter of 1208–1209, he campaigned against Torzhok alongside his brother Konstantin, and in early 1209, he fought against Ryazan forces that had attacked the outskirts of Moscow. In 1211, Yuri married Agafia, daughter of Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny, Prince of Chernigov. The wedding took place in Vladimir's Cathedral of the Dormition.
In 1211, his father, Vsevolod the Big Nest, chose Yuri to inherit the grand princely throne of Vladimir, bypassing the traditional rights of the eldest son, Konstantin. Vsevolod convened a council of boyars and clergy to legitimise his decision.
After Vsevolod's death in 1212, the Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession (1212–1216) broke out between the brothers. Konstantin allied himself with Mstislav the Bold of Novgorod, while Yuri was supported by his brother Yaroslav. In a decisive battle on the Lipitsa River in April 1216, Konstantin and his allies defeated the forces of Yuri and Yaroslav. Having lost Vladimir, Yuri was sent to rule the provincial town of Gorodets Radilov on the Volga. However, two years later, Konstantin died, and Yuri was allowed to return to Vladimir as Grand Prince, having been designated by Konstantin as his successor.
Yuri II conducted an active foreign policy, largely seeking to expand Vladimir's influence while avoiding major military conflicts where possible. Between 1220 and 1234, his forces, often in alliance with Novgorod, Ryazan, and even Lithuanian troops, undertook 14 campaigns, only three of which resulted in major battles, all victorious.[citation needed]
A primary concern was the Volga Bulgars. In 1220, Yuri sent a large army under his brother Svyatoslav, which sacked the Bulgar city of Oshel on the Volga. The same year, forces from Rostov and Ustyug raided Bulgar lands along the Kama River. The Bulgars sued for peace, but Yuri refused. In 1221, Yuri planned a new campaign and marched to Gorodets. After rejecting a second peace offer, he finally accepted a treaty after a third Bulgar embassy arrived with rich gifts. To secure the confluence of the Volga and Oka, a strategic point for controlling trade and defence against Bulgar raids, Yuri founded the fortress of Nizhny Novgorod in 1221. He established a church there dedicated to the Archangel Michael, which later became the Archangel Cathedral.
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Yuri II of Vladimir
Yuri II (Russian: Ю́рий–II, also transcribed as Iuri), also known as George II of Vladimir or Georgy II Vsevolodovich (26 November 1188 – 4 March 1238), was the fourth Grand Prince of Vladimir (1212–1216, 1218–1238) who presided over the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal at the time of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'.
He was the third son of Vsevolod III and of Maria Shvarnovna. He was the founder of Nizhny Novgorod and is venerated as a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church.
Yuri was born in Suzdal on 26 November 1188. On 28 July 1192, he underwent the knightly tonsure ceremony in Suzdal, a rite of passage that marked him as a warrior, and was placed on a horse for the first time.
He first distinguished himself in battles against the Principality of Ryazan in 1207. In the winter of 1208–1209, he campaigned against Torzhok alongside his brother Konstantin, and in early 1209, he fought against Ryazan forces that had attacked the outskirts of Moscow. In 1211, Yuri married Agafia, daughter of Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny, Prince of Chernigov. The wedding took place in Vladimir's Cathedral of the Dormition.
In 1211, his father, Vsevolod the Big Nest, chose Yuri to inherit the grand princely throne of Vladimir, bypassing the traditional rights of the eldest son, Konstantin. Vsevolod convened a council of boyars and clergy to legitimise his decision.
After Vsevolod's death in 1212, the Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession (1212–1216) broke out between the brothers. Konstantin allied himself with Mstislav the Bold of Novgorod, while Yuri was supported by his brother Yaroslav. In a decisive battle on the Lipitsa River in April 1216, Konstantin and his allies defeated the forces of Yuri and Yaroslav. Having lost Vladimir, Yuri was sent to rule the provincial town of Gorodets Radilov on the Volga. However, two years later, Konstantin died, and Yuri was allowed to return to Vladimir as Grand Prince, having been designated by Konstantin as his successor.
Yuri II conducted an active foreign policy, largely seeking to expand Vladimir's influence while avoiding major military conflicts where possible. Between 1220 and 1234, his forces, often in alliance with Novgorod, Ryazan, and even Lithuanian troops, undertook 14 campaigns, only three of which resulted in major battles, all victorious.[citation needed]
A primary concern was the Volga Bulgars. In 1220, Yuri sent a large army under his brother Svyatoslav, which sacked the Bulgar city of Oshel on the Volga. The same year, forces from Rostov and Ustyug raided Bulgar lands along the Kama River. The Bulgars sued for peace, but Yuri refused. In 1221, Yuri planned a new campaign and marched to Gorodets. After rejecting a second peace offer, he finally accepted a treaty after a third Bulgar embassy arrived with rich gifts. To secure the confluence of the Volga and Oka, a strategic point for controlling trade and defence against Bulgar raids, Yuri founded the fortress of Nizhny Novgorod in 1221. He established a church there dedicated to the Archangel Michael, which later became the Archangel Cathedral.
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