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Zahabiya
Zahabiya Sufism (Persian: سلسله ذهبیه, Zahabiya Silsila) is a Shiite order. The history of dervishes from this order dates to the third century AH and Ma'ruf al-Karkhi. Some believe that the order originated during the ninth century AH in Iran; it first became popular in Khorasan and then in Shiraz during the early Safavid period.
Zahabiya is a Sufi order of Shia Islam which has its roots from the ninth century AH, composed of followers of Seyyed Abdullah Borzeshabadi Mashhadi. In Iran, after the formation of the Safavid state, the order spread and other orders branched out from it. For this reason, it is known as "Umm al-Salasel" ("mother of the branches"). The order originated from the Sufi Kubrawiya order of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani. Zahabiya is a silsila (chain of lineage) of the tariqa (school) of Kubrawiya. It was considered it to be a Sunni order before Borzeshabadi but became Shiite afterwards, especially after the Safavids forced conversion of Iran to Shia Islam.
There are several theories about Zahabiya's founder. Its founder has been believed to be Najm al-Din Kubra, who died in 1221 CE (618 AH). His nickname was "Abu al-Janab". He was the twelfth Qutb (saint) of the Zahabiya order. His titles are Sheikh Wali Tarash, Kubra and Tama Al-Kubra, and Zahabiya later became known as the Zahabiya Kubrawiya. His title was "Tama Al-Kubra" (Doomsday). He won arguments with other scholars. "Tama" was later dropped, and he was called "Kubra". The poet Jami wrote about his title of "Wali Tarash" (Wali-maker), "Because in the victories of ecstasy, his blessed sight on whoever fell, reached the position of final enlightenment". He had many followers, some of whom were well-known Sufis such as Majd al-Din Baghdadi (died 1209 CE), Saaduddin Hammuyeh (died 1251), Baba Kamal Jundi, and Razi al-Din Ali Lala Esfarayeni (died 1244). Qazi Nurullah Shustari, in his book Majalis al-muminin cites the number of Najm al-Din Kubra's followers as twelve and writes: "Because his true elders were limited to the twelve Imams, he inevitably observed the number of elders on the part of his disciples and, as it is mentioned the book Tarikh-i guzida, he did not accept more than twelve disciples during his lifetime, but each of them became of the greatest scholar of the time". Najm al-Din Kubra was the son-in-law of Ruzbihan Baqli, and had two sons.
Another founder of Zahabiya order may have been Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani, who died in 1423 CE (826 AH). He was born c. 1339 CE (740 AH), and was a disciple and son-in-law of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani. Twelve disciples are mentioned for him, one of whom was Abdullah Borzeshabadi. During the departure of Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani, Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani was killed at the order of Shah Rukh as the main agitator against the Timurid Empire.
Seyyed Abdullah Borzeshabadi is also cited as the founder of the order. Seyyed Abdullah ibn Abdul Hai Ali Al-Hussein, nicknamed "Majzoob" ("engrossed"), was from the village of Borzeshabad in Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan province. Born c. 1368 to 1378 CE (770 to 780 AH), he was the son-in-law of his teacher Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani and was also taught by Qasim-i Anvar (died 1433). After the death of Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani, Seyyed Abdullah Borzeshabadi taught for nearly thirty years and died in the early ninth century AH (after 1446 CE). Seyyed Abdullah Borzeshabadi wrote a number oftreatises, including the "Kamaliyeh treatise" (about Irfan and Sharia etiquette). He also wrote lyric poetry.
According to some narratives, Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani (the Qutb of Kubrawiya) saw in a dream a young disciple, Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani, made him his successor (leaves the cloak of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani to Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani), and introduceds him as the Mahdi (savior of the world). Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani entrusted his followers to Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani, but one (Seyyed Abdullah Borzeshabadi) refuses to obey him and leaves. Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani said, "Zahaba Abdullah" ("Abdullah is gone"). The road taken by Seyyed Abdullah Borzeshabadi became known as Zahabiya, a branch of the Kubrawiya order.
Sufis believe that a seeker should follow the one who leads him, and a Sufi should choose a mentor. This guide is known as pir ("elder"), wali ("guardian"), sheikh ("lord, master") and Qutb (a perfect human). A Qutb is a person who is in the sight of God and like the heart of Muhammad. A Qutb is also called Abdul Elah ("servant of God").
Asadullah Khavari introduced Qutb from the point of view of Zahabiya: "The meaning of the Qutb in Zahabiya view is perfect men and partial saints who have attained degrees and perfections through conduct and divine passion, and after the stage of annihilation [of the Ego], revived by God and they have reached the degree of the understanding of the immediate guardian of God and the owner of time, who is the Qutb of all Qutbs of the time."
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Zahabiya
Zahabiya Sufism (Persian: سلسله ذهبیه, Zahabiya Silsila) is a Shiite order. The history of dervishes from this order dates to the third century AH and Ma'ruf al-Karkhi. Some believe that the order originated during the ninth century AH in Iran; it first became popular in Khorasan and then in Shiraz during the early Safavid period.
Zahabiya is a Sufi order of Shia Islam which has its roots from the ninth century AH, composed of followers of Seyyed Abdullah Borzeshabadi Mashhadi. In Iran, after the formation of the Safavid state, the order spread and other orders branched out from it. For this reason, it is known as "Umm al-Salasel" ("mother of the branches"). The order originated from the Sufi Kubrawiya order of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani. Zahabiya is a silsila (chain of lineage) of the tariqa (school) of Kubrawiya. It was considered it to be a Sunni order before Borzeshabadi but became Shiite afterwards, especially after the Safavids forced conversion of Iran to Shia Islam.
There are several theories about Zahabiya's founder. Its founder has been believed to be Najm al-Din Kubra, who died in 1221 CE (618 AH). His nickname was "Abu al-Janab". He was the twelfth Qutb (saint) of the Zahabiya order. His titles are Sheikh Wali Tarash, Kubra and Tama Al-Kubra, and Zahabiya later became known as the Zahabiya Kubrawiya. His title was "Tama Al-Kubra" (Doomsday). He won arguments with other scholars. "Tama" was later dropped, and he was called "Kubra". The poet Jami wrote about his title of "Wali Tarash" (Wali-maker), "Because in the victories of ecstasy, his blessed sight on whoever fell, reached the position of final enlightenment". He had many followers, some of whom were well-known Sufis such as Majd al-Din Baghdadi (died 1209 CE), Saaduddin Hammuyeh (died 1251), Baba Kamal Jundi, and Razi al-Din Ali Lala Esfarayeni (died 1244). Qazi Nurullah Shustari, in his book Majalis al-muminin cites the number of Najm al-Din Kubra's followers as twelve and writes: "Because his true elders were limited to the twelve Imams, he inevitably observed the number of elders on the part of his disciples and, as it is mentioned the book Tarikh-i guzida, he did not accept more than twelve disciples during his lifetime, but each of them became of the greatest scholar of the time". Najm al-Din Kubra was the son-in-law of Ruzbihan Baqli, and had two sons.
Another founder of Zahabiya order may have been Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani, who died in 1423 CE (826 AH). He was born c. 1339 CE (740 AH), and was a disciple and son-in-law of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani. Twelve disciples are mentioned for him, one of whom was Abdullah Borzeshabadi. During the departure of Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani, Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani was killed at the order of Shah Rukh as the main agitator against the Timurid Empire.
Seyyed Abdullah Borzeshabadi is also cited as the founder of the order. Seyyed Abdullah ibn Abdul Hai Ali Al-Hussein, nicknamed "Majzoob" ("engrossed"), was from the village of Borzeshabad in Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan province. Born c. 1368 to 1378 CE (770 to 780 AH), he was the son-in-law of his teacher Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani and was also taught by Qasim-i Anvar (died 1433). After the death of Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani, Seyyed Abdullah Borzeshabadi taught for nearly thirty years and died in the early ninth century AH (after 1446 CE). Seyyed Abdullah Borzeshabadi wrote a number oftreatises, including the "Kamaliyeh treatise" (about Irfan and Sharia etiquette). He also wrote lyric poetry.
According to some narratives, Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani (the Qutb of Kubrawiya) saw in a dream a young disciple, Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani, made him his successor (leaves the cloak of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani to Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani), and introduceds him as the Mahdi (savior of the world). Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani entrusted his followers to Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani, but one (Seyyed Abdullah Borzeshabadi) refuses to obey him and leaves. Khajeh Eshaq Khuttalani said, "Zahaba Abdullah" ("Abdullah is gone"). The road taken by Seyyed Abdullah Borzeshabadi became known as Zahabiya, a branch of the Kubrawiya order.
Sufis believe that a seeker should follow the one who leads him, and a Sufi should choose a mentor. This guide is known as pir ("elder"), wali ("guardian"), sheikh ("lord, master") and Qutb (a perfect human). A Qutb is a person who is in the sight of God and like the heart of Muhammad. A Qutb is also called Abdul Elah ("servant of God").
Asadullah Khavari introduced Qutb from the point of view of Zahabiya: "The meaning of the Qutb in Zahabiya view is perfect men and partial saints who have attained degrees and perfections through conduct and divine passion, and after the stage of annihilation [of the Ego], revived by God and they have reached the degree of the understanding of the immediate guardian of God and the owner of time, who is the Qutb of all Qutbs of the time."
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