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Zbarazh
Zbarazh (Ukrainian: Збараж, IPA: [ˈzbɑrɐʒ] ⓘ; Polish: Zbaraż; Yiddish: זבאריזש, romanized: Zbarizh) is a small city in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast, western Ukraine. It is located in the historic region of Galicia. Zbarazh hosts the administration of Zbarazh urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 13,346 (2022 estimate).
Zbarazh is one of the settings of Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel With Fire and Sword (1884) in which he gives a detailed description of the famous Siege of Zbarazh. Notable Jewish residents included Rabbi Zev Wolf of Zbaraz, the singer Velvel Zbarjer and the author Ida Fink.
Zbarazh was first attested in 1211 as a Ruthenian defensive fortress. Ruins of its original castle are extant in the village of Staryi Zbarazh near the modern city. Towards the end of the 14th century it became a possession of Gediminid princes.
In 1430-1431 Zbarazh was contested between Jagiello and Svitrigaila. It eventually became part of Volhynia, and during the second half of the 15th century served as the centre of a fiefdom owned by the Nieswicki family. After 1463, the fiefdom was separated into four parts, with the branch of the family ruling Zbarazh receiving the name of Zbaraski.
Following the 1569 Union of Lublin, Zbarazh became part of Kingdom of Poland's Krzemieniec County and Volhynian Voivodeship. In 1631 the city passed to the Wiśniowiecki family. In 1649, troops of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki were besieged in Zbarazh by forced commanded by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In 1674 the city was destroyed by the Ottomans.
After the first partition of Poland in 1772, the town was seized by the Habsburg monarchy, and remained in the province of Galicia until 1918. In 1883 archaeological excavations were performed in the vicinity of Zbarazh by Adam Kirkor.
In the immediate post-World War I period, a Polish–Ukrainian War took place in Eastern Galicia. After the conflict, Zbarazh returned to Poland, becoming the seat of a county in Tarnopol Voivodeship. In the interbellum Second Polish Republic, it had a population of 8,000, with Jewish, Polish and Ukrainian communities.
Zbarazh was occupied by the Germans on July 4, 1941, but before the occupation authority was in place, Ukrainian nationalists instigated a pogrom that murdered twenty Jews and burned two synagogues. Soviet prisoners of war were also killed. By the time of the German invasion, the Jewish population of around 3000 had swelled to around 5000 because of refugees from western Poland. Later in 1941, the German security police murdered 70 Jews in the Lubianka Forest. In 1942, around 3000 Jews were sent from Zbarazh to the Belzec killing camp on four occasions, sometimes by way of Tarnopol. In October, some Jews were sent to the Janowska Street camp in Lwow and others were killed in Zbarazh. After that, the Germans established a ghetto for the 2000 Jews from Zbarazh and neighboring areas that had been sent to the town. About 20 people shared each room in the ghetto. In the expectation of further deportations, some Jews found hiding places. Nonetheless, in November, another 1000 Jews were sent to Belzec. During the winter of 1942-43, many Jews starved and died from disease. Others were sent to slave labor camps. In April 1943, another 1000 Jews were murdered near the Zbarazh railway station, and in June, German and Ukrainian police shot the remaining few hundred Jews. After that, Germans and Ukrainians hunted down Jews who were hidden in the forests. Only about 60 Zbarazh Jews of the 3000, who had lived in the town before the war survived.
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Zbarazh
Zbarazh (Ukrainian: Збараж, IPA: [ˈzbɑrɐʒ] ⓘ; Polish: Zbaraż; Yiddish: זבאריזש, romanized: Zbarizh) is a small city in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast, western Ukraine. It is located in the historic region of Galicia. Zbarazh hosts the administration of Zbarazh urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 13,346 (2022 estimate).
Zbarazh is one of the settings of Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel With Fire and Sword (1884) in which he gives a detailed description of the famous Siege of Zbarazh. Notable Jewish residents included Rabbi Zev Wolf of Zbaraz, the singer Velvel Zbarjer and the author Ida Fink.
Zbarazh was first attested in 1211 as a Ruthenian defensive fortress. Ruins of its original castle are extant in the village of Staryi Zbarazh near the modern city. Towards the end of the 14th century it became a possession of Gediminid princes.
In 1430-1431 Zbarazh was contested between Jagiello and Svitrigaila. It eventually became part of Volhynia, and during the second half of the 15th century served as the centre of a fiefdom owned by the Nieswicki family. After 1463, the fiefdom was separated into four parts, with the branch of the family ruling Zbarazh receiving the name of Zbaraski.
Following the 1569 Union of Lublin, Zbarazh became part of Kingdom of Poland's Krzemieniec County and Volhynian Voivodeship. In 1631 the city passed to the Wiśniowiecki family. In 1649, troops of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki were besieged in Zbarazh by forced commanded by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In 1674 the city was destroyed by the Ottomans.
After the first partition of Poland in 1772, the town was seized by the Habsburg monarchy, and remained in the province of Galicia until 1918. In 1883 archaeological excavations were performed in the vicinity of Zbarazh by Adam Kirkor.
In the immediate post-World War I period, a Polish–Ukrainian War took place in Eastern Galicia. After the conflict, Zbarazh returned to Poland, becoming the seat of a county in Tarnopol Voivodeship. In the interbellum Second Polish Republic, it had a population of 8,000, with Jewish, Polish and Ukrainian communities.
Zbarazh was occupied by the Germans on July 4, 1941, but before the occupation authority was in place, Ukrainian nationalists instigated a pogrom that murdered twenty Jews and burned two synagogues. Soviet prisoners of war were also killed. By the time of the German invasion, the Jewish population of around 3000 had swelled to around 5000 because of refugees from western Poland. Later in 1941, the German security police murdered 70 Jews in the Lubianka Forest. In 1942, around 3000 Jews were sent from Zbarazh to the Belzec killing camp on four occasions, sometimes by way of Tarnopol. In October, some Jews were sent to the Janowska Street camp in Lwow and others were killed in Zbarazh. After that, the Germans established a ghetto for the 2000 Jews from Zbarazh and neighboring areas that had been sent to the town. About 20 people shared each room in the ghetto. In the expectation of further deportations, some Jews found hiding places. Nonetheless, in November, another 1000 Jews were sent to Belzec. During the winter of 1942-43, many Jews starved and died from disease. Others were sent to slave labor camps. In April 1943, another 1000 Jews were murdered near the Zbarazh railway station, and in June, German and Ukrainian police shot the remaining few hundred Jews. After that, Germans and Ukrainians hunted down Jews who were hidden in the forests. Only about 60 Zbarazh Jews of the 3000, who had lived in the town before the war survived.
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