Community hub
Recent from talks
Contribute something
Nothing was collected or created yet.
Alfred Heckmann
View on WikipediaAlfred Heckmann (25 June 1914 – 27 July 1993) was a Luftwaffe flying ace of World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.[1] He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes). The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.
Key Information
Career
[edit]Heckmann was born 25 June 1914 at Bochum-Langendreer in the Province of Westphalia, a province of the Kingdom of Prussia within the German Empire.[2] In early 1939 he joined the military service in the Luftwaffe and following fighter pilot training,[Note 1] Heckmann was posted to 5. Staffel (5th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) with the rank of Unteroffizier (a junior non-commissioned officer) in February 1940.[4]
He claimed his first victory in June 1940, when he shot down a French Morane MS 406 fighter over Abbeville. He added two Supermarine Spitfires during the Battle of Britain.
War against the Soviet Union
[edit]In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, II. Gruppe headed further east on 18 June. Following a stopover at Kraków, the unit was moved to Hostynne. At the start of the campaign, JG 3 under the command of Major (Major) Günther Lützow was subordinated to the 5th Air Corps, under the command of General der Flieger (General of the Aviators) Robert Ritter von Greim, itself part of Luftflotte 4 (4th Air Fleet), under the command of Generaloberst (Colonel General) Alexander Löhr. These air elements supported Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) Gerd von Rundstedt's Army Group South, with the objective of capturing Ukraine and its capital Kiev. At 17:00 on 21 June 1941, the 5th Air Corps, based at Lipsko, briefed the various unit commanders of the upcoming attack.[Note 2] That evening, Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of II. Gruppe Lothar Keller informed his subordinates of the attack.[5]
The II. Gruppe of JG 3 (II./JG 3—2nd group of the 3rd fighter wing) was relocated to Sicily in January 1942, and Heckmann flew over Malta without claiming any aerial victories. II./JG 3 returned to the Eastern Front in June 1942. In July Oberfeldwebel Heckmann claimed 17 Soviet aircraft, including four Douglas Boston bombers shot down on 10 July. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in September 1942.
With Jagdgeschwader 26
[edit]In October 1942, Heckmann was transferred to 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" (1./JG 26—1st squadron of the 26th fighter wing) on the Channel front.
In January 1943, the Luftwaffe planned to move JG 26 to the Eastern Front. The idea was to exchange JG 26 with Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) which supported Army Group North.[6] The style of combat between the two fronts was quite different and overall the experiment was not a success; I. Gruppe of JG 26 was the only Gruppe of JG 26 to serve in Russia.[7] On 21 January, I. Gruppe left France and arrived in Heiligenbeil, present-day Mamonovo, on 27 January. There, the Gruppe received factory-new Fw 190 A-5 and A-4 aircraft.[8] On 31 January, I. Gruppe moved to Riga and two days later to an airfield named Rielbitzi at Lake Ilmen.[9]
In the 14 weeks the Gruppe was based in Russia Oberfeldwebel Heckmann claimed four victories; all Il-2 Stormovik's.
On 28 February 1943, Heckmann was transferred to Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost (Supplementary Fighter Group, East), a specialized training unit for new fighter pilots destined for the Eastern Front.[10] He returned to JG 26 on 31 July.[11] Heck claimed his first aerial victory in defense of the Reich over the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) VIII Bomber Command, later renamed to Eighth Air Force, on 14 October, during the second Schweinfurt raid also called "Black Thursday". That day, Heckmann was credited with the destruction of a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber.[12]
Squadron leader
[edit]He returned to 1./JG 26 in July. On 23 January 1944, Heckamm was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 3. Staffel of JG 26. He succeeded Leutnant Herfried Kloimüller who had briefly led the Staffel after its former commander, Oberleutnant Heinrich Jessen, had been killed in a flying accident on 10 January.[13] On 21 September, I./JG 26 attacked a formation of RAF C-47 Douglas Dakota transports over 's-Hertogenbosch en route to supply the Allied aerial landings at Arnhem. Heckmann claimed four shot down.
On 1 January 1945, Heckmann led 23 Focke-Wulf Fw 190 D-9s of 3./JG 26 in Operation Bodenplatte, the attack on the Allied airfields in the Netherlands and Belgium.
On 26 March 1945, Oberleutnant Karl-Wilhelm Hofmann, the Staffelkapitän of 5. Staffel of JG 26 was killed in action. In consequence, Heckmann was transferred, taking command of 5. Staffel on 29 March. Command of his former 3. Staffel was passed on to Oberleutnant Hans Dortenmann.[14] On 14 April, Heckmann received orders from Generalleutnant Adolf Galland and transferred to Jagdverband 44 at Munich-Riem. Command of 5. Staffel of JG 26 was passed on to Leutnant Peter Crump.[15]
Later life
[edit]Summary of career
[edit]Aerial victory claims
[edit]According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Heckmann was credited with 71 aerial victories.[17] Spick also lists him 71 aerial victories, 54 on the Eastern Front and 17 over the Western Allies, including three four-engined heavy bombers, claimed in approximately 600 combat missions.[18] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 69 aerial victory claims, plus one further unconfirmed claims This number includes fifteen on the Western Front, including three four-engined heavy bombers, and 54 on the Eastern Front.[19]
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 08453". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[20]
| Chronicle of aerial victories | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
| |||||||||
| – 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 –[21] Battle of France — 19 May – 25 June 1940 | |||||||||
| 1 | 6 June 1940 | 11:10 | M.S.406 | Abbeville[22] | |||||
| – 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 –[21] Action at the Channel and over England — 26 June 1940 – 8 June 1941 | |||||||||
| 2 | 16 August 1940 | 13:20 | Spitfire | Ashford[23] | 3 | 20 September 1940 | 12:20 | Spitfire | south of London[24] |
| – 5. Steffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 –[21] Operation Barbarossa – 22 June – 1 November 1941 | |||||||||
| 3?[Note 3] | 22 June 1941 | 07:45 | I-153[25] | 16 | 26 July 1941 | 17:23 | SB-3[26] | ||
| 5 | 23 June 1941 | 04:50 | I-16[25] | 17 | 26 July 1941 | 17:28 | SB-3[26] | ||
| 6 | 26 June 1941 | 08:10 | DB-3[27] | 18 | 3 September 1941 | 07:00 | I-26 (Yak-1)[28] | ||
| 7 | 26 June 1941 | 08:30 | DB-3[27] | 19 | 12 September 1941 | 10:00 | I-26 (Yak-1)[28] | ||
| 8 | 27 June 1941 | 08:05?[Note 4] | I-15?[27][Note 4] | 20 | 12 September 1941 | 14:50 | I-26 (Yak-1)[28] | ||
| 9 | 30 June 1941 | 14:30 | I-16[27] | 21 | 13 September 1941 | 06:55 | V-11 (Il-2)[28] | ||
| 10 | 2 July 1941 | 16:25 | R-5[29] | 22 | 13 September 1941 | 06:57 | V-11 (Il-2)[28] | ||
| 11 | 2 July 1941 | 16:30 | R-5[29] | 23 | 13 September 1941 | 07:03 | R-5[28] | ||
| 12 | 5 July 1941 | 13:10 | SB-2[29] | 24 | 24 September 1941 | 08:30 | I-153[30] | ||
| 13 | 5 July 1941 | 16:20 | DB-3[29] | 25 | 5 3 October 1941 | 09:55 | Pe-2[30] | ||
| 14 | 10 July 1941 | 17:20 | one-engine aircraft | west of Kolontschina[26] | 26 | 17 October 1941 | 09:12 | I-17 (MiG-1)[30] | |
| 15 | 10 July 1941 | 17:30 | one-engine aircraft?[Note 5] | west of Kolontschina[26] | 27 | 18 October 1941 | 14:50 | I-61 (MiG-3)[31] | |
| – 5. Steffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[19] Eastern Front – 26 April – October 1942 | |||||||||
| 28 | 10 June 1942 | 13:10 | Il-2[32] | 41 | 20 July 1942 | 11:58 | MiG-1 | PQ 08453[33] | |
| 29 | 1 July 1942 | 13:11 | Il-2[34] | 42 | 22 July 1942 | 16:15 | LaGG-3 | PQ 29362[33] | |
| 30 | 4 July 1942 | 03:40 | MiG-1 | Ustia[34] | 43 | 26 July 1942 | 11:25 | Yak-1 | south of Kalach[35] |
| 31 | 4 July 1942 | 03:41 | MiG-1 | Malyschewo[34] | 44 | 26 July 1942 | 11:26 | Yak-1 | south of Kalach[35] |
| 32 | 4 July 1942 | 03:43 | MiG-1[34] | Malyschewo | 45 | 26 July 1942 | 11:29 | Yak-1 | south of Kalach[35] |
| 33 | 9 July 1942 | 13:15 | Yak-1[36] | 46 | 6 August 1942 | 06:50 | LaGG-3 | PQ 39682[37] 45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Kletskaya | |
| 34 | 9 July 1942 | 13:16 | Yak-1[36] | 47 | 7 August 1942 | 17:46 | Pe-2 | PQ 49556[38] | |
| 35 | 10 July 1942 | 04:30 | Boston | north of Voronezh[36] | 48 | 16 August 1942 | 04:30 | LaGG-3 | PQ 4034[39] |
| 36 | 10 July 1942 | 04:31 | Boston | north of Voronezh[36] | 49 | 18 August 1942 | 06:45 | I-16 | PQ 30132[39] |
| 37 | 10 July 1942 | 04:33 | Boston | north of Voronezh[36] | 50 | 18 August 1942 | 06:50 | I-16 | PQ 30251[39] |
| 38 | 10 July 1942 | 04:34 | Boston | north of Voronezh[36] | 51 | 23 September 1942 | 07:25 | LaGG-3 | PQ 47331[40] northeast of Agaimon |
| 39 | 13 July 1942 | 08:25 | Yak-1[33] | 52 | 4 October 1942 | 13:50 | LaGG-3 | PQ 38574[40] | |
| 40 | 13 July 1942 | 08:28 | Yak-1[33] | 53 | 4 October 1942 | 13:55 | LaGG-3 | PQ 38721[40] | |
| – 1. Steffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[41] Eastern Front – February 1943 | |||||||||
| 54 | 16 February 1943 | 14:53 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 18423[42] | 56 | 18 February 1943 | 11:02 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 28311[42] |
| 55 | 16 February 1943 | 15:25 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 28142[42] | 57 | 18 February 1943 | 11:04 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 28351[42] |
| – 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[41] On the Western Front — October – 31 December 1943 | |||||||||
| 58 | 14 October 1943 | 13:40?[Note 6] | B-17 | PQ 05 Ost S/EN-7[43] Waldenrath |
|||||
| – 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[41] On the Western Front — 1–21 January 1944 | |||||||||
| 59 | 11 January 1944 | 13:25 | B-17 | Nordhorn-Zuiderzee[44] | |||||
| – 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[41] On the Western Front — 22 January 1944 – 28 March 1945 | |||||||||
| 60 | 4 February 1944 | 14:30 | B-17 | 10 km (6.2 mi) east-southeast of Rotterdam[45] | 66 | 21 September 1944 | 17:17 | DC-3 | PQ 05 Ost JL/JM[46] Nijmegen |
| 61 | 8 February 1944 | 12:45 | P-51 | PQ 05 Ost QJ-8/1[45] south of Maubeuge |
67 | 21 September 1944 | 17:18 | DC-3 | PQ 05 Ost JL/JM[46] Nijmegen |
| 62 | 6 March 1944 | 14:47 | P-47 | PQ 05 Ost GO-5/3[45] Almelo |
68 | 21 September 1944 | 17:19 | DC-3 | 's-Hertogenbosch[46] west of Arnhem |
| 63 | 15 August 1944 | 12:28 | P-51 | PQ 04 Ost N/BC-3[46]southeast of Dreux | 69 | 21 September 1944 | 17:20 | DC-3 | 's-Hertogenbosch[46] west of Arnhem |
| 64 | 22 August 1944 | 12:35 | Auster | PQ 04 Ost N/DU-8[46] northwest of Paris |
70 | 23 September 1944 | 16:50 | P-51 | Goch[46] |
| 65 | 17 September 1944 | 17:51 | Spitfire | PQ 05 Ost JN-7[46] Nijmegen |
71 | 25 February 1945 | 08:25 | P-47 | southeast of Cologne[47] |
Awards
[edit]- Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class[4]
- Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (11 August 1941)[2]
- German Cross in Gold on 9 April 1942 as Oberfeldwebel in the 5./Jagdgeschwader 3[48]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 19 September 1942 as Oberfeldwebel and pilot in the 4./Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet"[49][Note 7]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[3]
- ^ All times used in this section are Central European Time unless otherwise noted.
- ^ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[21]
- ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:10 over a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk.[21]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed over a Polikarpov I-16.[21]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:50.[41]
- ^ According to Scherzer as pilot in the 5./Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet".[50]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Spick 1996, pp. 3–4.
- ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 130.
- ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
- ^ a b Dixon 2023, p. 258.
- ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 70.
- ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 379.
- ^ Weal 1998, pp. 29–30.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 65.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 66.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 70.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 130.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 165–167.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 486.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 451–453, 486.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 464, 486.
- ^ Dixon 2023, p. 259.
- ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1616.
- ^ Spick 1996, p. 238.
- ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 498–499.
- ^ Planquadrat.
- ^ a b c d e f Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 498.
- ^ Prien et al. 2001, p. 165.
- ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 217.
- ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 218.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 107.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003, p. 110.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003, p. 108.
- ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003, p. 114.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003, p. 109.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003, p. 115.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 116.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 144.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 148.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 146.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 149.
- ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 147.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 150.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 151.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 152.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 153.
- ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 499.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 374.
- ^ Prien et al. 2009, p. 95.
- ^ Prien et al. 2019, p. 163.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2019, p. 164.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2019, p. 166.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 435.
- ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 171.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 217.
- ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 372.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
- Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
- Caldwell, Donald L. (1998). JG 26 War Diary: Volume Two 1943–1945. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-86-2.
- Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2.
- Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
- Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
- Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard (2003). Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" in WWII: II./JG 3 in Action with the Messerschmitt Bf 109. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History. ISBN 978-0-7643-1774-3.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940 [Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940] (in German). Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/I—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/I—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-63-2.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-69-4.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2009). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 10/III—Reichsverteidigung—1.1. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 10/III—Defense of the Reich—1 January to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-89-2.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/III—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/III—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-07-9.
- Prien, Jochen; Balke, Ulf; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried (2019). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 13/V—Einsatz im Reichsverteidigung und im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 13/V—Action in the Defense of the Reich and in the West—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-21-5.
- Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
- Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
- Weal, John (1998) [1995]. Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Russian Front. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 6. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-518-0.
- Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3.
