Arundel Formation

Arundel Formation
Arundel Formation
Stratigraphic range: late Aptian or early Albian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Outdoor excavation on an exposed portion of the Arundel clays at Dinosaur Park at Laurel, Maryland, USA
Type	Geological Formation
Unit of	Potomac Group
Underlies	Patapsco Formation (Unconformity)
Overlies	Patuxent Formation
Thickness	up to 125 feet (40 m)
Lithology
Primary	Claystone, mudstone
Other	Siderite nodules
Location
Region	Maryland, Washington D. C.
Country	United States
Type section
Named for	Anne Arundel County, Maryland
Named by	W. B. Clark, 1897
	Show more

The Arundel Formation, also known as the Arundel Clay, is a clay-rich sedimentary rock formation, within the Potomac Group, found in Maryland^[2] of the United States of America. It dates to the Early Cretaceous, and is of late Aptian or (more likely) early Albian age.^[3] This rock unit had been economically important as a source of iron ore, but is now more notable for its dinosaur fossils.^[4] It is named for Anne Arundel County, Maryland.^[5]

It consists of clay lenses within depressions in the upper part of the Patuxent Formation that may represent oxbow swamp facies.^[4] The Arundel Formation contains a high number of terrestrial fauna, indicating that it was deposited in a freshwater fluvial environment, likely representing slow-moving river channels and oxbows. The Arundel Formation is the only major source for Early Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrates in eastern North America, and provides the best record of the dinosaurs that inhabited the region at the time.^[3]

Vertebrate paleofauna

Dinosaurs present include the large theropod Acrocanthosaurus,^[6]^[7]^[8] the giant sauropod Astrodon, the possible ornithischian Magulodon,^[6] the poorly known theropods "Allosaurus" medius, "Dryptosaurus?" potens,^[9] and "Coelurus" gracilis, the ornithomimosaurian "Dryosaurus" grandis,^[10] as well as another indeterminate ornithomimosaurian (though it most likely is Nedcolbertia),^[11] the nodosaurid Priconodon,^[12] a possible basal ceratopsian,^[13] and potentially the ornithopod Tenontosaurus.^[4] Other vertebrates are not as well known from the formation, but include a freshwater shark, a lungfish,^[14] at least three genera of turtles, and several crocodilians.^[4]

The dinosaurian fauna of the Arundel Formation is very similar to that found in the concurrent, more comprehensive geological formations from further west (i.e. the Antlers, Cloverly, and Cedar Mountain Formations). This supports the idea of a largely homogenous dinosaur fauna stretching across North America during the Early Cretaceous, until the formation of the Western Interior Seaway divided the continent and led to major faunal changes on both halves.^[15] In contrast, among other vertebrate taxa, there are major differences between the Arundel and these western formations; in the Arundel, crocodylomorph and shark remains are far more common than those of bony fishes, whereas the opposite is true for the western formations. This may owe to differing environmental conditions on the Atlantic coast compared to the North American interior.^[3]

Cartilaginous fish

Cartilaginous fish reported from the Arundel Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Egertonodus	E. basanus	Maryland^[3]		Teeth, spine	A hybodont shark.
Planohybodus	P. ensis	Maryland^[3]		Teeth	A hybodont shark, formerly placed in Hybodus.

Ray-finned fish

Ray-finned fish reported from the Arundel Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
cf. Lepidotes		Maryland^[3]		Teeth, jaw	A semionotid.
cf. Vidalamiinae		Maryland^[3]		Teeth	An amiid.

Lobe-finned fish

Lobe-finned fish reported from the Arundel Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Ceratodus	C. kranzi	Maryland^[3]		Tooth plate	A ceratodontid lungfish.^[16]

Reptiles

Dinosaurs

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Dinosaurs reported from the Arundel Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Acrocanthosaurus^[6]^[8]	A. cf. atokensis^[8]	Maryland^[2]		"Teeth",^[6] "incomplete skeleton"^[8]	A large carcharodontosaurid theropod. Presence long suspected but uncertain, but confirmed in 2024 following the discovery of more complete remains.^[8]	Acrocanthosaurus
~~Allosaurus~~^[17]	"A." medius^[17]	Maryland^[17]		"Tooth."^[18]	An indeterminate theropod tooth.	Astrodon Deinonychus Tenontosaurus
Astrodon^[19]	A. johnstoni^[19]	Maryland^[17] Washington D.C.^[20]		"Tooth."^[21]
"Capitalsaurus"^[22]	"C." potens	Washington D.C.^[17]		"Vertebra."^[18]	A neotheropod possibly synonymous with Acrocanthosaurus.^[23]
~~Coelurus~~^[17]	"C." gracilis			"Manual ungual and teeth."^[18]	A dromaeosaurid synonymous with Deinonychus.^[23]
~~Creosaurus~~^[17]	"C." potens^[17]				Reclassified as "Capitalsaurus" potens
cf. Deinonychus^[17]	Indeterminate^[17]	Maryland^[17]			A dromaeosaurid
~~Dryosaurus~~	"D." grandis	Maryland^[17]		"Limb elements."^[24]	An indeterminate member of Ornithomimosauria.
Magulodon^[25]	M. muirkirkensis^[25]	Maryland^[25]		"Tooth"^[25]	Likely an ornithischian, this genus is a nomen nudum that has not been formally published.
Neoceratopsia indet.^[13]	Indeterminate^[13]	Maryland^[17]		"Teeth"^[13]	An indeterminate member of Neoceratopsia. Initially believed to have belonged to an indeterminate member of Dryosauridae or the genus Tenontosaurus.
~~Ornithomimus~~	"O." affinis				Junior synonym of "Dryosaurus" grandis
Pleurocoelus^[17]	P. altus^[17]	Maryland^[17]		"Tibia [and] fibula."^[26]	A sauropod synonymous with Astrodon.
Pleurocoelus^[17]	P. nanus^[17]	Maryland^[17]			A sauropod synonymous with Astrodon.
Priconodon^[17]	P. crassus^[17]	Maryland^[17]		"Teeth, tibia."^[27]	A large nodosaurid.
cf. Richardoestesia^[3]	Indeterminate^[3]	Maryland^[3]		"Teeth"	A small theropod.
cf. Tenontosaurus^[28]	Indeterminate^[28]	Maryland^[17]

Pterosaurs

Unassigned pteradactyloid tracks.^[29]

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Pterosaurs of the Arundel Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Pteraichnus^[29]				^[29]

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Arundel Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Arundelemys	A. dardeni	Maryland^[3]		"A single, incomplete skull lacking the lower jaws and cheek region"	A baenid.
Glyptops	G. caelatus	Maryland^[3]		"Carapace fragments probably pertaining to a single individual"	A pleurosternid.
Naomichelys	N. sp.	Maryland^[3]		"Shell fragments"	A helochelydrid.

Crocodylomorphs

Crocodylomorphs reported from the Arundel Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
cf. Bernissartiidae indet.	Indeterminate	Maryland^[3]		Tooth	A likely bernissartiid.
cf. Goniopholididae indet.	Indeterminate	Maryland^[3]		Scutes, teeth	A likely goniopholidid, the most common crocodylomorph from the formation.
cf. Pholidosauridae indet.	Indeterminate	Maryland^[3]		Teeth	A likely pholidosaurid.

Mammals

Mammals reported from the Arundel Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Argillomys	A. marylandensis	Maryland^[3]		Molar tooth	A multituberculate.
Arundelconodon	A. hottoni	Maryland^[3]		Dentary with teeth	A triconodontid.

Other fossils

William Bullock Clark (1897) described lignitized trunks of trees often found in upright positions with their roots still intact.^[1]

G. J. Brenner (1963) described spores and pollen within the formation.^[30]

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b ^c Clark, W.B. (1897). Outline of present knowledge of the physical features of Maryland (Report). Volume Series. Vol. 1. Maryland Geological Survey. pp. 172–188.
^ ^a ^b "Geologic Map Legends". Coastal Plain Rocks and Sediments. Maryland Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Frederickson, Joseph A.; Lipka, Thomas R.; Cifelli, Richard L. (2018-08-28). "Faunal composition and paleoenvironment of the Arundel Clay (Potomac Formation; Early Cretaceous), Maryland, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. doi:10.26879/847. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kranz, Peter M. (1998). "Mostly dinosaurs: a review of the vertebrates of the Potomac Group (Aptian Arundel Formation), USA". In Lucas, Spencer G.; Kirkland, James I.; Estep, J.W. (eds.). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14. pp. 235–238.
^ "Geologic Unit: Arundel". National Geologic Map Database. USGS.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Harris, Jerald D. (1998). "Large, Early Cretaceous theropods in North America". In Lucas, Spencer G.; Kirkland, James I.; Estep, J.W. (eds.). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14. pp. 225–228.
^ Lipka, Thomas R. (1998). "The affinities of the enigmatic theropods of the Arundel Clay facies (Aptian), Potomac Formation, Atlantic Coastal Plain of Maryland". In Lucas, Spencer G.; Kirkland, James I.; Estep, J.W. (eds.). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14. pp. 229–234.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Carrano, Matthew T. (2024-05-01). "First definitive record of Acrocanthosaurus (Theropoda: Carcharodontosauridae) in the Lower Cretaceous of eastern North America". Cretaceous Research. 157 105814. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105814. ISSN 0195-6671.
^ Gilmore, Charles W. (1921). "The fauna of the Arundel formation of Maryland". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 59 (2389): 581–594. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.59-2389.581. ISSN 0096-3801.
^ Brownstein, Chase D. "Redescription of Arundel formation Ornithomimosaur material and a reinterpretation of Nedcolbertia justinhofmanni as an "Ostrich Dinosaur": Biogeographic implications". PeerJ Preprints. e2308v1.
^ Gilmore, Charles W. (24 October 1919). "An Ornithomimid Dinosaur in the Potomac of Maryland". Science. 50 (1295): 394–395. Bibcode:1919Sci....50..394G. doi:10.1126/science.50.1295.394. PMID 17830121.
^ Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loueff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth M.P.; Noto, Christopher N. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 517–606. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chinnery, Brenda J.; Lipka, Thomas R.; Kirkland, James I.; Parrish, Michael J.; Brett-Surman, Michael K. (1998). "Neoceratopsian teeth from the Lower to Middle Cretaceous of North America". terpconnect.umd.edu/. Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin No. 14. 297-302 pp. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
^ Frederickson, J. A., Lipka, T. R., & Cifelli, R. L. (2016). A new species of the lungfish Ceratodus (Dipnoi) from the Early Cretaceous of the eastern USA. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e1136316.
^ Brownstein, Chase D. (2018-02-08). "The biogeography and ecology of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs of Appalachia". Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (1): 1–56. doi:10.26879/801. ISSN 1094-8074.
^ Frederickson, Joseph A.; Lipka, Thomas R.; Cifelli, Richard L. (2016-07-03). "A new species of the lungfish Ceratodus (Dipnoi) from the Early Cretaceous of the eastern U.S.A.". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (4) e1136316. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1136316. ISSN 0272-4634.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v "3.25 Maryland, United States; 1. Arundel Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 78.
^ ^a ^b "3.25 Maryland, United States; 1. Arundel Clay" and "3.34 Washington D. C., United States; 1. Arundel Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.
^ "3.34 Washington D. C., United States; 1. Arundel Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.
^ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 270.
^ Kranz, D. 1998. Mostly Dinosaurs: A Review of the Vertebrates of the Potomac Group (Aptian Arundel Formation), USA, in Lucas, Kirkland and Estep, eds., 1998: 235-238.
^ ^a ^b Brownstein, Chase D. (2018). "The biogeography and ecology of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs of Appalachia". Palaeontologia Electronica: 1–56. doi:10.26879/801.
^ "Table 6.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 139.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kranz, P. (1996). Notes on the sedimentary iron ores of Maryland and their dinosaurian faunas. Maryland Geological Survey Special Publications 3:87–115.
^ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 266.
^ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 368.
^ ^a ^b Listed as "?Tenontosaurus sp." in "3.25 Maryland, United States; 1. Arundel Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lockley, M.; Harris, J.D.; and Mitchell, L. 2008. "A global overview of pterosaur ichnology: tracksite distribution in space and time." Zitteliana. B28. p. 187-198. ISSN 1612-4138.
^ Brenner, Gilbert J., 1963, The spores and pollen of the Potomac Group of Maryland: Maryland Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 27, 215 p. [1]

References

Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

External links

39°3′N 76°38′W / 39.050°N 76.633°W / 39.050; -76.633

[Clark1897-1] Clark, W.B. (1897). Outline of present knowledge of the physical features of Maryland (Report). Volume Series. Vol. 1. Maryland Geological Survey. pp. 172–188.

[:1-2] "Geologic Map Legends". Coastal Plain Rocks and Sediments. Maryland Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.

[:5-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Frederickson, Joseph A.; Lipka, Thomas R.; Cifelli, Richard L. (2018-08-28). "Faunal composition and paleoenvironment of the Arundel Clay (Potomac Formation; Early Cretaceous), Maryland, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. doi:10.26879/847. Retrieved 2024-10-28.

[kranz1998-4] Kranz, Peter M. (1998). "Mostly dinosaurs: a review of the vertebrates of the Potomac Group (Aptian Arundel Formation), USA". In Lucas, Spencer G.; Kirkland, James I.; Estep, J.W. (eds.). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14. pp. 235–238.

[Geolex-5] "Geologic Unit: Arundel". National Geologic Map Database. USGS.

[harris1998b-6] Harris, Jerald D. (1998). "Large, Early Cretaceous theropods in North America". In Lucas, Spencer G.; Kirkland, James I.; Estep, J.W. (eds.). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14. pp. 225–228.

[lipka1998-7] Lipka, Thomas R. (1998). "The affinities of the enigmatic theropods of the Arundel Clay facies (Aptian), Potomac Formation, Atlantic Coastal Plain of Maryland". In Lucas, Spencer G.; Kirkland, James I.; Estep, J.W. (eds.). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14. pp. 229–234.

[:4-8] Carrano, Matthew T. (2024-05-01). "First definitive record of Acrocanthosaurus (Theropoda: Carcharodontosauridae) in the Lower Cretaceous of eastern North America". Cretaceous Research. 157 105814. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105814. ISSN 0195-6671.

[9] Gilmore, Charles W. (1921). "The fauna of the Arundel formation of Maryland". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 59 (2389): 581–594. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.59-2389.581. ISSN 0096-3801.

[10] Brownstein, Chase D. "Redescription of Arundel formation Ornithomimosaur material and a reinterpretation of Nedcolbertia justinhofmanni as an "Ostrich Dinosaur": Biogeographic implications". PeerJ Preprints. e2308v1.

[11] Gilmore, Charles W. (24 October 1919). "An Ornithomimid Dinosaur in the Potomac of Maryland". Science. 50 (1295): 394–395. Bibcode:1919Sci....50..394G. doi:10.1126/science.50.1295.394. PMID 17830121.

[DBWetal04-12] Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loueff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth M.P.; Noto, Christopher N. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 517–606. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.

[:2-13] Chinnery, Brenda J.; Lipka, Thomas R.; Kirkland, James I.; Parrish, Michael J.; Brett-Surman, Michael K. (1998). "Neoceratopsian teeth from the Lower to Middle Cretaceous of North America". terpconnect.umd.edu/. Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin No. 14. 297-302 pp. Retrieved March 13, 2019.

[14] Frederickson, J. A., Lipka, T. R., & Cifelli, R. L. (2016). A new species of the lungfish Ceratodus (Dipnoi) from the Early Cretaceous of the eastern USA. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e1136316.

[ep-15] Brownstein, Chase D. (2018-02-08). "The biogeography and ecology of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs of Appalachia". Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (1): 1–56. doi:10.26879/801. ISSN 1094-8074.

[16] Frederickson, Joseph A.; Lipka, Thomas R.; Cifelli, Richard L. (2016-07-03). "A new species of the lungfish Ceratodus (Dipnoi) from the Early Cretaceous of the eastern U.S.A.". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (4) e1136316. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1136316. ISSN 0272-4634.

[arundel-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v "3.25 Maryland, United States; 1. Arundel Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.

[table-4-1-78-18] "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 78.

[both-19] "3.25 Maryland, United States; 1. Arundel Clay" and "3.34 Washington D. C., United States; 1. Arundel Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.

[arundelDC-20] "3.34 Washington D. C., United States; 1. Arundel Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.

[table-13-1-270-21] "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 270.

[22] Kranz, D. 1998. Mostly Dinosaurs: A Review of the Vertebrates of the Potomac Group (Aptian Arundel Formation), USA, in Lucas, Kirkland and Estep, eds., 1998: 235-238.

[:0-23] Brownstein, Chase D. (2018). "The biogeography and ecology of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs of Appalachia". Palaeontologia Electronica: 1–56. doi:10.26879/801.

[table-6-1-139-24] "Table 6.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 139.

[:3-25] Kranz, P. (1996). Notes on the sedimentary iron ores of Maryland and their dinosaurian faunas. Maryland Geological Survey Special Publications 3:87–115.

[table-13-1-266-26] "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 266.

[table-17-1-368-27] "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 368.

[tenonto-28] Listed as "?Tenontosaurus sp." in "3.25 Maryland, United States; 1. Arundel Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.

[Lockleyetal2008-29] Lockley, M.; Harris, J.D.; and Mitchell, L. 2008. "A global overview of pterosaur ichnology: tracksite distribution in space and time." Zitteliana. B28. p. 187-198. ISSN 1612-4138.

[30] Brenner, Gilbert J., 1963, The spores and pollen of the Potomac Group of Maryland: Maryland Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 27, 215 p. [1]

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