Skinner's radical behaviorism, which emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior and rejects the importance of internal mental states, faced criticism from cognitive psychologists and others who argued for the importance of cognition, emotions, and free will.

His book 'Beyond Freedom and Dignity' (1971) generated significant controversy due to its argument that concepts of freedom and dignity are obstacles to creating a better society. Critics argued that Skinner's vision of a behaviorally engineered society was authoritarian and dehumanizing.

His Air-Crib and other suggestions on child-rearing were frequently misunderstood and criticized. His daughter's experience being raised in an Air-Crib was often cited (incorrectly) as evidence of potential harm caused by his methods.

Some critics questioned the generalizability of Skinner's findings from animal studies to human behavior. They argued that human behavior is more complex and influenced by factors not adequately captured in laboratory experiments.

Concerns were raised about the potential for misuse of behavior modification techniques, particularly in controlling or manipulating individuals against their will. The ethics of applying behavioral principles in various settings, such as prisons or schools, were debated.