Bhogeswar Baruah (born 3 September 1940) is an Indian retired athlete, coach, and military soldier. Considered one of the greatest Assamese athletes of all time, he is the first Arjuna award recipient from Assam. His gold medal at the 1966 Asian Games, running a time of 1:49.4 in the 800 metres, set a new record in the competition and made him the first Assamese athlete to win an international gold medal. For his achievements, he is widely regarded as a state icon and sporting legend.

Born in Sibsagar, Baruah was raised near the Joysagar tank. His father was a chowdikar and farmer, and his family worked on around fifteen bighas of land; they earned ration benefits due to his father's central government job. Baruah had a keen interest in outdoor activity from an early age and taught himself to swim aged around three. He helped his father regularly during his childhood with farming work on the fields including ploughing, harvesting, and sowing. Whilst he attended Vidhyapith school, he played football for the first time and became a right-sided defender. From a young age Baruah had ambitions of joining the Indian army; in November 1960 he was selected as a driver for the Indian Army Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers (EME). He divided his annual leave in the army in half between the planting season and harvest season to continue to help his father with farming. Baruah was selected to join the main EME football team, where he competed in the 1962 Durand cup before it was cancelled due to the Sino-Indian war. To participate in the Santosh trophy, he attempted to qualify for the Andhra Pradesh state team in a tournament; despite his good performance he was not selected. After reflection, he decided to quit football and team sports, and instead take up an individual sport where he could succeed free from unfairness.

Baruah initially explored boxing and swimming as potential sports he could succeed in, but after advice from B.K. Dey he decided to take up athletics, specifically the 400 metres. He began running in inter-department races between the army, navy and air force, and soon after qualified for the Inter-Command championships in Pune where he finished third, earning a bronze medal. Baruah's first national appearance came in 1963 at the All India Open Athletics Meet Relay in New Delhi, where his team finished first in the 4x400 metres relay; his first national gold. He soon after participated in the 400 metres and 800 metres at the Open Athletics held in Sri Lanka in 1964, winning gold in both and setting a new Sri Lankan national record in the 800 metres. Baruah participated in the National Athletic Competition held in Chandigarh in 1964 and Bangalore in 1965, winning gold in the 400 metres in both years. By 1966, he was the undisputed national champion in the 800 metres. At the 1966 Asian Games, he finished first in the 800 metres with a time of 1:49.4, which set a new record in the competition. After continued domestic success, in the 1970 Asian Games he won a silver medal in a 4x400 metres relay. His international career largely finished after this, though he continued to have domestic success.

During and after his athletics career, Baruah served on various committees including the All India Council of Sports and the Indian national athletics team selection committee. He was awarded the Arjuna award in 1966, and served on its selection committee for nearly five decades from 1967 to 2016. Since 1984, the "Abhiruchi Sports Day" has been celebrated on his birthday in his honour. Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal created a state sports school in honour of Baruah in 2019, and in 2021 Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma announced that Baruah's birthday would officially be celebrated as Assam's sports day. In 2025, a national sports award named after Baruah was created, and the Sarusajai sports complex was renamed the Arjuna Bhogeswar Baruah Sports Complex. Baruah's inspiration as an athlete from a poor and rural background who rose through hardships to become an international champion is considered part of his legacy in Assam.

Bhogeswar Baruah was born on 3 September 1940, the sixth of eight children born to Bhodraswar Baruah (c. 1889–1994) and Aikon Baruah (c. 1913–1983). His family's ancestral village was Thakurpara, which was about a kilometre west of Joysagar Tini-Ali. The Archaeological Survey of India established its first office in Sibsagar in 1935; Baruah's father, Bhodraswar, joined the Joysagar office as a chowkidar (a Class IV employee). Due to the job, Baruah's parents moved from Thakurpara and built a small bamboo-and-thatch house by the Joysagar tank. The family received ration benefits because his father's job was a central government one. The old Thakurpara home was left to his uncles and an aunt, and Baruah was born at the Joysagar Tank house.

Baruah was particularly close with his father, Bhodraswar, while growing up as he would accompany him to the fields and help him in any way. Baruah has described his father a calm and quiet man, who was devoted to his work, and suggested that he too inherited that simplicity from his father. Bhodraswar Baruah was uneducated, but despite having a government job he did all his farming himself. The family's total land was around fifteen bighas and Baruah's father also worked on leased land. Their work included ploughing, harvesting, sowing, and carrying bundles of paddy on their shoulders. Baruah's father was also a local village healer, who treated the sick with traditional Assamese herbal medicine for which he never accepted any money. His father was also fond of sports, and during the time of British rule where football matches and horse racing was often held at Nazira, he would often go to watch football. Baruah's mother, Aikon, handled both the household chores and farm work. He noted her as an expert weaver who spun yarn, and wove chadors and blankets on the loom. Baruah himself would help her by collecting castor and keseru leaves for the silkworms. He described her in his biography as strict and strong-willed.

Baruah had two elder brothers, and three elder sisters (two of whom were married before his birth). Two elder paternal uncles and three elders cousins lived near them in Joysagar. Baruah, along with his younger sister and younger brother, were born at the Joysagar house while their older siblings were born at Thakurpara. When his family settled at the new house, Joysagar was mostly surrounded by jungle, with there being almost no neighbours nearby. The large Joysagar tank was beside their home, and from around the age of 3 he taught himself to swim. During his childhood, Baruah enjoyed watching the fish and turtles in the tank, and sometimes swam alone out to the island in the middle of the tank.

Baruah did not initially begin his education straightaway, and in his early years he mostly spent his time in the world of water and open fields where he lived. He was later enrolled at the Meteka primary school, which was the nearest one to him. His attendance at the school was irregular, as reaching the school required him to cross a big stream; bamboo bridges were only put up when it was dry so during monsoon season he had to travel by boat. A few years later, a school opened at Zolagaon, and he transferred there in Class III because it was closer. None of Baruah's elder sisters went to school, and of his two elder brothers: the older studied up to lower primary and the younger passed high school at Meteka.