Harvest

Harvest is the agricultural process of collecting mature crops from fields, involving the severance of plants from the soil or the gathering of fruits and vegetables at peak ripeness, marking the end of the growing season.^[1][2] This practice, essential for transforming cultivated plants into usable yields, requires precise timing to optimize quality and quantity while minimizing losses from decay, pests, or adverse weather.^[3] Historically, harvesting originated with the advent of agriculture around 12,000 years ago, evolving from manual methods using tools like sickles and scythes to contemporary mechanized systems such as combines and harvesters that boost efficiency and scale production.^[4][5] The process underpins global food security, economic stability in agrarian societies, and supply chains for staples like grains, fruits, and vegetables, with timely execution critical to averting post-maturity deterioration and ensuring market viability.^[6] Variations in technique depend on crop type—ranging from hand-picking delicate produce to machine threshing grains—and regional climates, where delays can lead to substantial yield reductions.^[7]

Etymology and Definition

Etymology

The English word harvest originates from Old English hærfest, which referred to autumn or the season of gathering crops.^[8] This term stems from Proto-Germanic *harbi-staz (or variants like *harbitas), ultimately tracing to the Proto-Indo-European root *kerp-, signifying "to gather," "pluck," or "harvest" in an agricultural or foraging context.^[8][9] Cognates appear across Germanic languages, including Old Saxon harbist and Old High German herbist, both denoting the autumnal period associated with reaping, which underscores the word's early linkage to the cyclical collection of ripened produce rather than mere seasonal nomenclature.^[8] By Middle English, harvest had shifted in usage to emphasize the active process of reaping and ingathering crops, distinct from its broader Old English connotation of the entire fall season.^[8][10]

Core Definition and Scope

Harvest constitutes the deliberate and systematic gathering of mature plant crops from fields or orchards, representing the terminal phase of the crop production cycle where physiological ripeness has been attained to optimize quality, nutritional content, and market value while averting losses from over-maturity, pests, or weather.^[11] This endpoint follows seed germination, vegetative expansion, and reproductive development, focusing exclusively on plant-derived products such as grains, fruits, vegetables, tubers, or fibers harvested at stages of peak biomass accumulation or biochemical composition.^[12] Unlike planting, which initiates growth, or post-harvest handling involving drying, sorting, or storage, harvest emphasizes timely extraction to capture yields before natural senescence diminishes viability.^[13] Central to harvest execution is alignment with physiological maturity, defined by empirical indicators like kernel dry matter accumulation or moisture levels, rather than calendar dates alone; for cereal grains, this typically occurs when moisture content falls to 14-18%, enabling safe storage by curtailing fungal growth and respiration rates that could degrade quality.^[14][15] Harvest timing thus hinges on monitoring crop-specific thresholds—such as black layer formation in maize at approximately 30-35% moisture, followed by field drying—to balance yield maximization against risks like lodging or bird damage, informed by direct field assessments or instruments like moisture meters.^[16][17] Confined to botanic agriculture, harvest excludes animal husbandry, where production endpoints involve breeding cycles, slaughter, or milking rather than synchronized plant maturation; it applies to both staple field crops and specialty horticultural produce but not forestry or aquaculture.^[18] Ultimate yields at harvest reflect causal interplay among varietal genetics (e.g., hybrid vigor influencing dry-down rates), abiotic factors like precipitation and temperature during grain fill, and biotic management such as fertilization or pest control, with empirical data from agronomic trials underscoring deviations from potential due to these variables.^[19][20]

Historical Evolution of Harvesting

Pre-Industrial Practices

In ancient Mesopotamia, circa 3000 BCE, cereal crops such as barley and wheat were harvested using sickles made from flint or obsidian blades hafted to wooden or bone handles, as evidenced by archaeological artifacts from Sumerian sites. These tools allowed workers to cut stalks close to the ground, facilitating efficient gathering of grains in fertile river valleys dependent on seasonal flooding for irrigation. Harvesting often involved organized labor groups, including family units or temple-dependent workers, to manage large fields within narrow windows before grains shattered naturally.^[21] Regional practices varied, with Mediterranean civilizations employing hand-picking for tree crops like olives, where workers manually selected ripe fruits to minimize damage and ensure quality, a method persisting from ancient Greek and Roman eras into later periods.^[22] In medieval Europe, grains were cut using sickles or scythes, followed by threshing with flails—two wooden sticks connected by a leather strap—to separate seeds from stalks on barn floors or open ground, a labor-intensive process requiring rhythmic swinging to avoid grain loss.^[23] This manual approach enabled precise selection of mature crops, reducing waste and supporting seed quality for replanting, while communal efforts during peak seasons reinforced social cohesion through shared workloads. Pre-industrial harvesting was inherently limited by human output, with a skilled laborer using a scythe capable of covering at most 1-2 acres of grain per day, constrained by physical endurance and tool efficiency.^[24] Susceptibility to weather further compounded inefficiencies, as rain could cause sprouting in cut sheaves or frost damage fields, necessitating rapid communal mobilization to salvage yields. These methods, though fostering careful crop handling and community ties, yielded low per-worker productivity compared to later innovations, underscoring reliance on seasonal timing and collective effort for subsistence.^[25]

Mechanization and Technological Advances

The introduction of mechanical reapers in the 1830s marked a pivotal shift in harvesting practices, beginning with Cyrus McCormick's horse-drawn reaper developed in 1831 and patented in 1834, which mechanized the cutting of grain crops like wheat.^[26] This invention substantially increased productivity by allowing a single operator with horses to harvest several times more grain than manual methods permitted, reducing labor requirements and enabling larger-scale farming operations in the American Midwest.^[27] By the mid-19th century, widespread adoption of such reapers facilitated the expansion of wheat production, contributing to economic growth in grain-belting regions.^[28] The evolution continued with the development of combine harvesters, which integrated reaping, threshing, and winnowing into a single machine; early prototypes emerged in the 1830s, but practical, tractor-pulled models became viable in the 1930s, with self-propelled versions following shortly after.^[29] These machines dramatically boosted efficiency for small grains, allowing farmers to process crops directly in the field and reducing post-harvest losses.^[30] Post-World War II, the rapid adoption of tractors and pulled implements enabled large-scale operations, with tractor use on U.S. farms rising from about 25% in 1940 to over 40% by the war's end, accelerating mechanization and farm consolidation.^[31] This contributed to verifiable yield surges, such as U.S. corn production increasing from an average of around 26 bushels per acre in the early 1900s to 177 bushels per acre by 2020, driven in part by mechanized harvesting efficiency that minimized labor bottlenecks and timing risks.^[32][33] While initial concerns focused on labor displacement from farms, mechanization ultimately supported net employment growth through expanded roles in equipment manufacturing, maintenance, and agribusiness sectors, as agricultural productivity gains fueled broader economic expansion.^[34]

Harvesting Methods and Techniques

Traditional Manual Approaches

Traditional manual harvesting relies on handheld tools such as sickles and scythes to cut crops close to the ground, enabling precise control over the timing and quality of the harvest. Sickles, featuring curved blades, are used for reaping cereals by drawing the tool toward the body, while scythes with longer blades and optional cradles collect cut stalks into neat rows for subsequent bundling into sheaves.^[35][36] These methods allow workers to select mature plants selectively, minimizing inclusion of immature or diseased material, which supports higher quality outputs particularly for organic or specialty crops.^[36] For delicate fruits like strawberries, hand-picking predominates to avoid mechanical bruising, as machine operations increase injury risks during detachment and handling. Studies indicate that post-harvest handling, including picking, contributes significantly to fruit damage, with mechanical methods exacerbating bruises compared to careful manual extraction.^[37][38] Following cutting or picking, processes involve manual threshing—beating sheaves to separate grains—and winnowing to remove chaff, steps that preserve grain integrity but demand intensive labor.^[39] These approaches offer advantages in quality control and adaptability to small-scale or irregular terrains, such as terraced rice fields in Asia, where manual methods persist culturally and practically for their lower waste through selective harvesting.^[40] However, productivity remains limited, with manual reaping capacities averaging 0.03 to 0.05 hectares per worker per day for rice and wheat, translating to roughly 0.1 to 0.2 tons daily depending on yields, far below mechanical rates exceeding 1 hectare per hour.^[41] This caps scalability, confining manual techniques to niche markets, high-value organics, or regions with abundant low-cost labor, where the trade-off favors precision over volume.^[42]

Modern Mechanical and Precision Methods

Modern combine harvesters, widely used for grain crops such as wheat, corn, and soybeans, integrate threshing, separating, and cleaning functions into a single self-propelled machine, enabling operators to cover over 100 acres per day under optimal conditions. Advanced models, like the John Deere X9 series, can achieve up to 30 acres per hour in wheat harvesting, while the CLAAS TRION 740 has demonstrated capacities exceeding 500 acres daily with dual machines in suitable terrain.^[43][44] These machines employ rotating cylinders or rotors to gently separate grains from stalks, minimizing damage and losses compared to earlier designs.^[45] Specialized mechanical harvesters address crop-specific needs; for cotton, spindle pickers like the John Deere CP770 extract bolls selectively from open plants, while stripper harvesters such as the CS770 remove entire burrs from shorter varieties, followed by post-harvest ginning to separate fibers from seeds.^[46] In tomato production, shake-and-catch systems, pioneered in the 1950s and refined since, vibrate vines to dislodge ripe fruit onto conveyor belts or catching mechanisms, as seen in models from Oxbo and historical UC Davis designs that process entire plants at soil level.^[47][48] These adaptations allow high-volume operations, with tomato harvesters capable of gathering billions of pounds annually for processing.^[49] Precision methods enhance mechanical efficiency through GPS-guided steering and automation, as in John Deere's AutoTrac systems, which enable sub-inch accuracy for overlapping-free passes and reduced fuel use during harvest.^[50] Drones equipped with multispectral cameras scout fields for ripeness variability and pest hotspots, informing targeted harvesting to cut losses, while AI-integrated sensors analyze data on moisture, maturity, and weather to optimize timing, potentially reducing post-harvest waste through predictive modeling.^[51][52] Such technologies have contributed to global agricultural output rising nearly fourfold from 1961 to 2021, outpacing population growth via higher yields per acre.^[53] Despite high initial costs—often exceeding $500,000 for top-tier combines—and risks of monoculture dependency, evidence indicates net environmental advantages, including soil health improvements from compatible reduced-tillage practices that lower erosion and carbon emissions.^[54][55]

Agricultural and Economic Importance

Role in Food Production and Security

Harvest represents the critical terminal phase of the agricultural production cycle, transforming mature crops from potential biomass into harvestable yields that constitute the primary source of global food supply. In 2023, world cereal production reached approximately 2.8 billion metric tons, encompassing staples such as wheat, rice, maize, and barley that provide the bulk of human caloric intake and essential nutrients for over 8 billion people.^[56] This output underscores harvest's direct causal role in realizing planted investments into tangible food resources, without which preceding efforts in cultivation yield no nutritional return.^[57] Timely execution of harvest is indispensable for food security, as delays post-maturity expose crops to spoilage, pests, and weather damage, resulting in losses estimated at 10-20% of grain production globally.^[58] Effective harvesting mitigates these vulnerabilities, securing nutrient-dense outputs against degradation and ensuring availability during lean pre-harvest periods when food stocks dwindle.^[59] Empirical evidence from agricultural systems demonstrates that without proficient harvest practices, even high-yield planting results in near-total caloric forfeiture, directly threatening population sustenance and stability.^[60] Improvements in harvest efficiency, driven by hybrid varieties and mechanized techniques, have enabled surpluses that accommodate exponential population growth, from roughly 2.5 billion in 1950 to over 8 billion today, by converting larger crop volumes into viable food stocks.^[61] Data indicate that such advancements in total factor productivity, including harvest optimization, have been pivotal in averting widespread scarcity amid rising demand, affirming harvest's foundational position in sustaining global nourishment.^[61]

Economic Contributions and Trade

The agricultural sector, encompassing harvest activities, contributes roughly 4% to global GDP, with value added from agriculture, forestry, and fishing totaling about $3.7 trillion in 2021 (constant 2015 dollars).^[62] Post-harvest processing and initial value addition—such as drying, storage, and basic transformation—capture a significant portion of this, often amplifying raw crop values by 20-30% through efficiency gains in handling and preparation for market, though precise global breakdowns depend on commodity and region.^[63] In the United States, crop cash receipts reached $242.7 billion in 2024, reflecting harvest-driven output that underpins downstream industries like food manufacturing, which further multiplies economic impact via private investment rather than subsidies.^[64] International trade in harvested commodities underscores productivity advantages in market-oriented systems. The United States exported soybeans valued at $24.47 billion in 2024, while Brazil achieved record soybean export revenues of $53.2 billion in 2023, driven by scalable harvesting technologies and export-focused incentives that enable surpluses in crops like soy, corn, and wheat.^[65][66] These dynamics arise from causal factors such as competitive pressures fostering mechanized harvest adoption—evident in Brazil's expansion to 112 million metric tons of soybean supply in marketing year 2024/25—outpacing more regulated producers like those in the European Union, where policy distortions limit scale.^[67] Commercialization of harvest operations has empirically boosted farmer incomes in deregulated environments; for instance, U.S. producers benefit from market signals that encourage precision harvesting, yielding higher net returns compared to subsidized systems prone to inefficiencies.^[68] Critics highlight price volatility as a drawback, yet data indicate that deregulation enhances long-term resilience by promoting adaptive productivity—such as through private R&D in harvest tech—over interventionist measures that often entrench lower output, as observed in comparative studies of dairy and field crop sectors post-reform.^[69][70]

Risks, Failures, and Mitigation

Primary Causes of Crop Shortfalls

Crop shortfalls arise primarily from abiotic environmental stresses, biotic threats, and anthropogenic mismanagement, with empirical data indicating weather extremes as the dominant factor in major loss events. In the United States, major disasters and severe weather caused over $21 billion in crop and rangeland losses in 2023, representing approximately 23.6% of the total economic impact from such events as reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).^[71] Drought, excessive heat, and wildfires alone accounted for more than $16.59 billion of these losses, underscoring their outsized role in yield reductions.^[71] Globally, extreme weather events like droughts and floods contribute to significant variability, with climate factors explaining about one-third of year-to-year fluctuations in crop yields across harvested areas.^[72] Biotic agents, including pests, diseases, and weeds, inflict substantial pre-harvest damage, estimated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to reduce global crop production by 20-40% annually.^[73] These losses stem from pathogens and insects exploiting favorable conditions, such as warm temperatures or dense planting, leading to outbreaks that can halve yields in untreated fields; for instance, corn diseases alone have been linked to measurable reductions influenced by environmental and cultural practices.^[74] In regions with limited monitoring, such biotic pressures compound weather-induced vulnerabilities, though their impact is often more predictable than stochastic events like floods. Human-induced factors, particularly poor agronomic decisions, exacerbate shortfalls through mechanisms like soil nutrient depletion and inadequate timing of operations. Overfarming without rotation or fallowing depletes essential soil nutrients, as intensive monoculture extracts resources faster than natural replenishment, leading to progressive yield declines documented in degraded farmlands.^[75] Excessive reliance on synthetic inputs without balanced management further erodes soil structure via compaction and acidification, reducing water retention and root penetration.^[76] Historical analyses reveal that such controllable practices, including delayed planting or harvest amid variable conditions, account for a sizable portion of preventable losses, distinct from irreducible weather risks.^[77] While climate variability drives inherent fluctuations—as evidenced by cyclical patterns in yield data over decades—mismanagement amplifies these, highlighting causal chains where farmer choices interact with exogenous shocks.^[72]

Strategies for Risk Reduction

Crop diversification strategies, such as planting multiple varieties or implementing rotations, mitigate the risk of total harvest failure by distributing exposure to localized threats like pests, diseases, or erratic weather. Empirical analyses of long-term field data indicate that higher crop rotational diversity reduces yield loss variability and lowers the probability of outright crop failure during stress events, including drought or extreme temperatures.^[78] Complementing this, crop insurance serves as a financial buffer, indemnifying farmers for verified yield shortfalls and stabilizing operations post-adversity; economic modeling shows it outperforms alternative revenue hedges in curtailing downside revenue risks across diverse cropping regions.^[79] Technological tools accessible to individual farmers further enhance pre-harvest risk mitigation. Mobile weather forecasting applications deliver hyperlocal predictions of rainfall, temperature extremes, and frost events, enabling decisions on planting dates, irrigation, or early harvesting to avert damage.^[80] Similarly, proactive field scouting—routine visual inspections combined with digital monitoring—facilitates early identification of issues like nutrient deficiencies or emerging infestations, allowing precise interventions that preserve yields through targeted rather than blanket applications. Post-harvest protocols emphasize rapid moisture reduction and controlled storage to counteract spoilage risks. Drying crops to equilibrium moisture content below 14% immediately after harvest inhibits mold proliferation and mycotoxin formation, with "dry chain" methodologies—encompassing ventilated silos and airtight containers—demonstrating substantial reductions in storage losses for staples like grains.^[81] These farmer-implemented buffers preserve nutritional value and marketability, often cutting deterioration rates by maintaining low humidity and temperature gradients. Private-sector investment in breeding programs has produced resilient hybrid varieties, bolstering harvest reliability via inherent tolerances to drought, pathogens, and soil stressors without dependence on subsidized public initiatives. For example, proprietary hybrid wheat lines have achieved yield premiums of approximately 20% over conventional varieties under water-limited conditions, reflecting efficient R&D pipelines that prioritize farmer needs.^[82] Such innovations underscore the efficacy of market-driven ingenuity, though regulatory hurdles in seed approval can elevate development costs and delay adoption, as evidenced by protracted timelines in highly restricted jurisdictions compared to more streamlined private validations.^[83]

Cultural and Symbolic Dimensions

Global Harvest Festivals and Traditions

Harvest festivals worldwide represent communal acknowledgments of agricultural productivity, often rooted in pre-modern agrarian societies' dependence on seasonal yields for survival. These events typically coincide with the reaping of staple crops and emphasize gratitude for abundance, fostering social cohesion through shared rituals that historically mitigated uncertainties of food scarcity. Empirical patterns across cultures reveal a causal link between successful harvests and these celebrations, serving as adaptive mechanisms to reinforce labor incentives and communal reciprocity rather than mere superstition.^[84][85] In Europe, Lammas or Lughnasadh, observed on August 1, marks the Celtic and Anglo-Saxon onset of grain harvest with rituals centered on the first loaf baked from newly threshed wheat, symbolizing the transition from scarcity to plenty. Originating in pagan traditions honoring deities like the Irish god Lugh, the festival involved offerings of bread and communal feasting to invoke prosperity, evolving through Christian influences into localized thanksgiving practices without altering core agrarian emphases.^[86][87][88] In Asia, Japan's Niiname-sai, held annually on November 23, constitutes a Shinto rite where the Emperor presents the inaugural rice harvest to ancestral kami, expressing empirical thanks for the year's yield in a ceremony traceable to over 2,000 years per ancient chronicles. This ritual, also termed Shinjo-sai, underscores rice's centrality to Japanese sustenance, with participants tasting sacred offerings to affirm communal reliance on fertile cycles, distinct from modern secular holidays yet retaining spiritual causality in harvest success.^[89][90][91] Africa's New Yam Festival among Nigeria's Igbo people, known variably as Iri Ji or Iwa Ji, celebrates the yam harvest typically in August or September, following the rainy season's end, through feasts, dances, and masquerade displays that honor ancestors and affirm yam's status as a dietary staple supporting population resilience. Rooted in indigenous beliefs tying soil fertility to spiritual benevolence, the event prohibits old yams until new ones are ritually eaten, enforcing disciplined abundance-sharing and evolving into broader cultural affirmations of self-sufficient farming communities.^[92][93][94] Cross-culturally, these festivals share motifs of symbolic first-fruit offerings, elaborate communal meals from fresh produce, and performative arts like music or athletics, historically pagan in origin but adaptable to monotheistic or secular frames while preserving gratitude for verifiable productivity gains. Such traditions empirically correlate with enhanced social bonds and motivational frames for future cultivation, prioritizing causal realism in human-nature interdependence over ideological overlays.^[85][95]

Broader Symbolic Interpretations

The harvest metaphor, rooted in the observable agricultural cycle of planting, nurturing, and gathering crops, symbolizes the inevitable outcomes of invested effort, reflecting a direct causal chain from inputs to yields. This analogy emphasizes that productive results depend on prior labor and timing, without external interventions altering the fundamental input-output dynamic. In religious texts, particularly the New Testament's Galatians 6:7—"Do not be deceived: God cannot be mocked. A man reaps what he sows"—it underscores personal accountability for actions, where moral or spiritual "seeds" determine corresponding "harvests" of reward or consequence, as interpreted in biblical exegesis.^[96][97] In literature, the harvest extends to depict iterative cycles of toil and fruition, often highlighting human agency in sustaining productivity. For instance, Marge Piercy's poem "To Be of Use" employs harvesting imagery to evoke communal labor yielding tangible benefits, portraying workers as akin to those who "go into the fields to harvest" through persistent application.^[98] Similarly, biblical extensions in Galatians 6:9 encourage endurance in ethical conduct by analogizing delayed but assured reaping to seasonal agriculture, reinforcing the realism of effort-based returns over time.^[99] Contemporary adaptations preserve this agricultural foundation while applying it to abstract domains, such as "knowledge harvest" in management practices, where it denotes systematically collecting insights from ongoing activities to maximize utility, akin to preventing crop loss through prompt gathering.^[100] This usage maintains the metaphor's emphasis on causal realism—effortful cultivation precedes viable extraction—without evidence supporting dilutions that decouple outputs from inputs, such as unearned distributions. The enduring appeal of these interpretations lies in their alignment with empirical patterns of deferred gratification observed in natural and human systems.

Contemporary Developments and Other Applications

Innovations in Sustainable Harvesting

Recent advancements in robotic harvesting systems, particularly for delicate fruits like strawberries, apples, and berries, have addressed labor shortages exacerbated by demographic shifts and post-pandemic disruptions. For instance, in August 2025, researchers at the University of Arkansas developed a specialized robot gripper capable of picking blackberries with precision rivaling human laborers, integrating soft robotics to minimize fruit damage.^[101] Similarly, fully autonomous robots for apples and kiwifruit, employing deep learning for visual perception and path planning, have demonstrated operational feasibility in standardized orchards since 2021, reducing manual labor dependency by automating picking sequences under occlusion challenges.^[102] Economic analyses indicate that deploying such robotic harvesters can match manual harvest profits at costs around $248 per acre annually, factoring in efficiency gains and labor savings.^[103] AI-driven predictive analytics have optimized harvest timing and minimized waste by forecasting crop maturity and environmental variables. These systems process real-time data from sensors and satellite imagery to predict optimal harvest windows, reducing post-harvest losses from over-ripening or premature picking by up to 20% in trials for tomatoes and peppers.^[104] Integration with autonomous machinery further yields fuel reductions of 15-20% through precise navigation and input application, while boosting operational efficiency without proportional increases in resource use.^[104] Precision agriculture technologies, including these AI tools, have collectively enhanced yields by approximately 5% on adopting farms, with potential for further gains through scaled data analytics.^[105] Drone-based field monitoring has advanced sustainable practices via 2024-2025 trials, enabling non-invasive assessment of crop readiness across large areas. Drones equipped with multispectral cameras scout fields to identify harvest-mature zones, supporting variable-rate harvesting that cuts unnecessary passes and fuel consumption.^[106] In grass seed and row crop applications, such monitoring has quantified pest impacts and uniformity, informing targeted interventions that preserve yield integrity.^[107] Adoption of these precision innovations reached 27% of U.S. farms by 2023, with projections exceeding 60% for large operations by late 2025, driven by demonstrated returns despite upfront costs and training needs.^[108][109] While initial investments pose barriers for smaller producers, market-driven uptake—rather than regulatory mandates—validates scalability, as robotics and AI enable output growth decoupled from labor or input escalation.^[110]

Non-Agricultural and Metaphorical Uses

In medicine, the term "harvest" refers to the surgical procurement of organs or tissues from deceased donors for transplantation, a process formally termed organ procurement but occasionally described using harvesting terminology in technical literature.^[111] This usage emphasizes the systematic recovery of viable biological materials, akin to gathering yields, with over 40,000 organ transplants performed annually in the United States as of 2023 through such procedures managed by organizations like the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network.^[112] In fisheries management, "harvest" denotes the regulated extraction of fish populations, with quotas and control rules established to maintain sustainability; for instance, harvest strategies set total allowable catches based on stock assessments to prevent overexploitation, as implemented by bodies like NOAA Fisheries.^[113][114] Metaphorically, "harvest" extends to non-biological contexts, deriving from its agricultural roots of reaping outcomes from invested effort, with figurative applications emerging by the 1530s.^[8] In computing, data harvesting involves automated collection and structuring of information from online sources for analysis, distinct from but related to data mining, as used in web scraping to compile datasets from websites into databases.^[115] In politics, "vote harvesting" or "ballot harvesting" describes the organized collection of mail-in or absentee ballots by campaign workers, a practice legal in certain U.S. states but criticized for potential fraud risks, as evidenced by claims of irregularities in elections like Kentucky's 2019 gubernatorial race.^[116][117] Such extensions preserve the core implication of yielding results from preparation, though applications like unearned political gains have drawn scrutiny for deviating from causal effort-reward dynamics.^[118] Geographically, "Harvest" appears in minor non-agricultural place names, such as food aid organizations like Second Harvest, but these remain peripheral to the term's primary connotations.^[119]