Hubbry Logo
Trailer parkTrailer parkMain
Open search
Trailer park
Community hub
Trailer park
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Trailer park
Trailer park
Trailer park
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia
A mobile home park in Bradenton, Florida

A trailer park, caravan park, mobile home park, mobile home community or manufactured home community is a temporary or permanent area for mobile homes and travel trailers. Advantages include low cost compared to other housing, and quick and easy moving to a new area (for example, when taking a job in a distant place while keeping the same home).

Trailer parks, especially in American culture, are stereotypically viewed as lower income housing for occupants living at or below the poverty line who have low social status.[1][2][3][4] Despite the advances in trailer home technology, the trailer park image survives as evoked by a statement from Presidential adviser James Carville who, in the course of one of the Bill Clinton White House political scandals, suggested: "Drag $100 bills through trailer parks, there's no telling what you'll find," in reference to Paula Jones.[5]

Tornadoes and hurricanes often inflict serious damage on trailer parks, usually because the structures are not secured to the ground and their construction much less robust in high winds than regular houses.[6][7] However, most modern manufactured homes are built to withstand high winds, using hurricane straps and proper foundations.[8]

By country

[edit]
New Orleans in 2006 after Hurricane Katrina: A park in an unflooded part of town became the site of a FEMA trailer park for people whose homes were damaged or destroyed.

In the United States

[edit]
Further information: RV park
Mobile home park in La Crosse County, Wisconsin

The negative perception of trailer parks was not improved by the creation of emergency trailer parks by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for the displaced victims of Hurricane Katrina, the quality and temporary nature of which was disputed.[9]

Many stereotypes have developed about residents in trailer parks, which are similar to stereotypes of the poor. The term trailer trash is often used in the same vein as the derogatory American terms white trash and ghetto.[10][11] Though trailer parks appear throughout the United States, they are often associated with the Deep South and rural areas. In Dover-Foxcroft, Maine, the Town Select Board debated the implementation of a moratorium preventing mobile or manufactured homes from being built or installed.[12] Trailer parks became viewed as a valuable asset in the late 2010s. During that decade, REITs, private equity funds, and middle-class people looking to escape the corporate world bought them up from small mom-and-pop owners.[13]

More recently referred to in the U.S. as "mobile home parks" or "manufactured housing communities", the stereotypes are often just that.[3] Retirement communities exist in many locales that permit mobile home parks as "55+ parks" in keeping with the Housing for Older Persons Act (HOPA). Generally, at least one homeowner in these communities must be age 55 or over, and those under age 18 are rarely permitted to live there. These can be gated communities with amenities, such as swimming pools, clubhouses and onsite maintenance. Homes are often permanently installed on foundations. But residents may not own the land their homes occupy.

Corporate investment

[edit]

Mobile home parks in the U.S. have become an attractive investment for financial firms such as Carlyle Group, Apollo Global Management and TPG Capital.[14][3][2] In the early 2020s, an individual mobile home park can be sold in the tens of millions of dollars.[15] Over 100,000 US mobile home sites were estimated to be owned by large firms in 2019.[14] One firm, Stockbridge Capital Group, owner of about 200 mobile-home parks throughout the US, "saw a return on investment of more than 30 percent between late 2016 and the end of 2017."[14] The company's expansion into this market was facilitated by $1.3 billion in financing from Fannie Mae, which has called mobile homes "inherently affordable."[14] Profitability for the firms owning the parks has in some cases been tied to rent increases, and has not necessarily translated into good maintenance of the mobile homes.[14] Efforts are being mounted to allow trailer park residents a chance to buy their own trailer park and thus own the land they live on; for instance, in Colorado, trailer park owners must give residents 90 days' notice before selling.[16] In San Antonio, Texas, residents of the Mission Trails Mobile Home Community negotiated with developer White-Conlee who would be contracted to build luxury condominiums.[17]

Outside the United States

[edit]
Trailer park at an industrial area in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands, in 1988

Disputed trailer parks

[edit]

While the majority of trailer parks are used as permanent residences, and are paid for in the usual way by residents, a minority are used by nomadic people who in some cases may be occupying them illegally.

In Britain and Ireland, the term halting site is sometimes used for some trailer parks. The biggest difference in Europe is the presence of unauthorised halting sites (or trailer parks). This stems from the practice of traditionally itinerant ethnic groups, such as the Romani and Irish Travellers, to periodically during the year set up a transient community. From the late 1970s onward there was also a growth in New Age travelers culture; these groups espoused alternative lifestyles combined with a Do-It-Yourself punk ethic. The latter were a commonplace phenomenon in Germany,[18] giving rise to expressions such as Wagenburg, Wagendorf, and Bauwagenplatz ("wagon fort", "trailer village" and "construction trailer site" respectively).

Either rejected from or refusing to seek entrance in municipally authorised halting sites, groups of families practising a nomadic lifestyle would trespass in order to camp on land belonging to local communities. These illegal encampments are often resented by local people, owing to their lack of sewage and waste disposal capacity, and the fact that such encampments are often difficult to remove under human rights legislation.[19] The use of land without permission is also illegal, which leads to such groups being moved on by the police or councils.[20]

Authorised caravan parks

[edit]

In Germany, the Netherlands and some other European countries, local law allows for normal camping at RV parks for a short time and seasonal camping for holidaymakers, and also long-time camping (for years) with hardly movable travel trailers. Sometimes these inhabitants also cultivate a garden. Some cities allow a long-time camping lot to be the regular address registered with the authorities; others do not. Many of mobile home plots are offered by RV parks that allow for all sorts of camping and offer extra plots for mobile homes (static caravans).The cost for such a plot tends to be between €400 and €1.500 a year, depending on the location and facilities.

In France, living in a trailer or mobile home for more than three months is prohibited by law, even if the resident owns the land; however, building requirements and permissions for self building of recreational solid (static) country cottages are more relaxed in France if one stays within a certain amount of square meters.[citation needed]

In the United Kingdom, "trailers" are commonly known as static caravans, and are generally used for one of two purposes: firstly as holiday homes, designed for short-term living; and secondly as retirement homes for the elderly, designed for long-term occupancy. Both types of trailers usually enjoy good amenities and are surrounded by highly manicured gardens.[citation needed]

In Australia, there is generally no differentiation between a trailer park and an RV park. The term "caravan park" is used to refer to both.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Trailer park

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A trailer park, also known as a park or manufactured home community, is a parcel of under unified or control designed to accommodate multiple manufactured homes or on individual leased spaces, providing a form of where residents typically own their homes but rent the underlying lots. These communities emerged during the early , initially as parking areas for recreational travel trailers in the , evolving into permanent housing solutions amid the and post-World War II housing shortages when demand for low-cost dwellings surged. Trailer parks play a critical economic role in supplying unsubsidized , comprising approximately 6% to 7% of the nation's occupied stock with over 6.7 million units sheltering more than 22 million Americans, many in rural areas where traditional homeownership is cost-prohibitive. The average sales price for a new manufactured home excluding land was $127,250 in 2022, significantly lower than site-built homes, enabling access for lower-income households, older adults (with about 3.2 million over age 60 residing in such units as of 2022), and others facing market barriers. Approximately 44,000 such parks exist nationwide, with 55% of new homes placed in community settings rather than owned lots, underscoring their prevalence as a land-lease model that mitigates upfront costs but introduces dependencies on park operators for utilities and maintenance. While trailer parks have faced challenges including restrictions, financing difficulties for , and occasional quality or tenure issues in aging communities, they remain a vital, factory-built alternative to conventional , with shipments doubling from to amid broader affordability crises, though development hurdles like regulatory barriers limit expansion. Data from sources like the U.S. Census Bureau and HUD highlight their empirical value in lower-income demographics without relying on subsidies, countering stigmas through evidence of widespread utilization across diverse states.

Definition and Terminology

Core Definition and Evolution of Terms

A trailer park is a designated outdoor area where mobile homes, travel trailers, or manufactured homes are parked or installed for residential use, often providing shared such as , , , and roadways. These parks originated as lots for accommodating house trailers pulled by automobiles, evolving from early 20th-century auto camps into more structured communities. The term "trailer park" first appeared in print in 1947, though such facilities existed by the and to house transient workers and travelers amid rising automobile ownership. The nomenclature shifted over decades to reflect changes in design, permanence, and . Initially tied to "house trailers" or "trailer camps" in and —emphasizing mobility for post-Depression migrants and wartime workers—the term "mobile home park" gained prominence after as units grew larger and more home-like, averaging 400 square feet by the 1950s-1960s. This rebranding distanced the from transient connotations, though "trailer park" persisted colloquially, often evoking stereotypes of lower-income residency despite serving diverse demographics. By 1976, federal regulations under the National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act standardized production, prompting "manufactured home community" as the preferred industry term to highlight factory-built quality over mobility, which most units lack post-installation. These terminological evolutions were driven by marketing efforts to elevate status amid restrictions and public stigma, but the core function—affordable, prefabricated on leased lots—remained consistent, with parks housing over 8 million U.S. residents by 2020 per data analogs in industry reports. Regional variants include "caravan parks" in Britain and for similar setups.

History

Early Origins in Automotive Travel

The early origins of trailer parks trace to the rapid adoption of automobiles , which spurred demand for overnight accommodations among "auto tourists" in the . Following the of affordable cars like the starting in 1908, travelers began equipping vehicles with tents or rudimentary towed shelters for cross-country trips, leading municipalities to designate free parking areas for these setups—hence the initial coining of "trailer park" in the late 1910s. The first motorized campers emerged around , exemplified by the Pierce-Arrow Touring Landau, a self-contained unit built on a chassis that allowed for on-road living quarters, setting the stage for trailer-based travel. These facilities evolved from informal roadside stops into structured auto camps or tourist parks, providing water, sanitation, and leveled pads for trailers towed by passenger cars. By 1913, the inaugural dedicated trailer park appeared, catering to the growing fleet of lightweight travel trailers adapted from horse-drawn wagons for automotive towing. Between 1920 and 1924, U.S. cities constructed 3,000 to 6,000 municipal campgrounds to handle the influx of such travelers, often featuring communal fire pits and basic hookups amid the era's economic optimism and road-building initiatives like the Federal Aid Road Act of 1916. Primarily transient in purpose, these early parks emphasized short-term parking for recreational vehicles over permanent settlement, aligning with the mobility afforded by improving highways and affordable autos. Travel trailer designs prioritized aerodynamics and compactness for car towing, with early models like those from the 1920s featuring foldable beds and minimal amenities. Mass production accelerated in 1929 with Arthur G. Sherman's Covered Wagon trailer, the first commercially viable unit, which standardized features for broader adoption among leisure seekers.

Expansion During Economic Hardships and Post-War Boom

During the of the 1930s, widespread unemployment and unaffordability drove many Americans to repurpose travel trailers—initially designed for recreational use—as permanent dwellings, fostering the development of early trailer parks as low-cost communal living arrangements. These parks emerged organically from economic desperation, with individuals clustering trailers on inexpensive land to share basic utilities amid a collapse in traditional markets. By 1937, roughly 50% of newly produced trailers were acquired for stationary residency rather than mobility, reflecting a causal shift from to necessity-driven as job losses exceeded 25% of the workforce and foreclosures surged. This expansion was uneven and often unregulated, concentrating in rural or peripheral areas where permitted such improvisations, though it incurred associating trailers with transience and . The onset of accelerated trailer utilization when the U.S. government, facing acute wartime housing demands for defense workers, procured 35,000 mobile units and established 8,500 trailer parks near industrial sites and military bases to house over 20,000 workers at facilities like the Bomber Plant. Postwar demobilization in 1945 compounded a national housing shortage, with 2.7 million veterans returning amid pent-up demand and material rationing delays in site-built construction, propelling mobile homes as a scalable, factory-produced alternative that could be deployed rapidly. Trailer park numbers proliferated from 820 in 1945 to over 3,300 by 1953, as manufacturers scaled production to capitalize on affordability—units often costing under $5,000 compared to $10,000+ for conventional homes—and the influx of suburban-bound families seeking interim solutions. This boom normalized semi-permanent trailer communities, particularly in states like and , where population growth outpaced infrastructure, though persistent quality concerns and fire hazards prompted initial regulatory scrutiny by the mid-1950s.

Regulatory Shifts and Contemporary Developments

In 1976, the U.S. Congress enacted the National Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards Act, establishing federal oversight through the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for manufactured homes built after June 15 of that year. This legislation preempted varying state standards, replacing them with uniform national construction and safety codes to address inconsistencies in pre-1976 mobile homes, which often suffered from quality variability and safety risks like inadequate wiring and structural weaknesses. The shift also prompted reclassification from "mobile homes" to "manufactured homes" to emphasize their intended permanent installation rather than mobility, leading to improved durability and reduced insurance claims in compliant units. Subsequent regulatory evolution included state-level adaptations in the late to accommodate expanding parks, though many locales imposed restrictions on , setbacks, and aesthetics to mitigate perceived impacts on adjacent property values. By the early , federal efforts focused on refining HUD standards for energy efficiency and disaster resistance, while local ordinances increasingly required parks to meet sanitation, , and mandates, such as permanent resistant to and in high-risk areas like . These changes reflected empirical evidence of vulnerabilities exposed by events like in 2005, which highlighted deficiencies in temporary trailer deployments and spurred stricter installation guidelines. In recent years, HUD finalized comprehensive amendments to the Manufactured Home Construction and Standards in September 2024, incorporating 87 updates—the most extensive revisions in nearly three decades—to enhance structural integrity, allow up to four-unit configurations for broader affordability, and incorporate modern materials for better energy performance and resistance. The effective date was postponed to September 15, 2025, following a presidential on regulatory review. Concurrently, amid shortages, several states enacted reforms in 2024 to ease restrictions on mobile home park development, expanding allowable land uses and densities to boost supply without compromising , as evidenced by legislative actions in response to rising costs and empirical data on manufactured 's role in low-income stability. Local examples include Fairfax County's 2025 updates to its 1978-era , which increased unit densities and integrated manufactured homes more equitably.

Types and Classifications

Permanent Mobile Home Parks

Permanent mobile home parks consist of subdivided land tracts where owners or renters of mobile or manufactured homes lease spaces for long-term placement of their units, typically designed for stationary residency rather than frequent relocation. These parks feature infrastructure such as paved roads, utility hookups for water, sewer, electricity, and sometimes natural gas, along with communal amenities like clubhouses, laundry facilities, and recreational areas. Unlike temporary RV parks, which accommodate transient vehicles with short-term stays and bundled services, mobile home parks emphasize stability, with residents often managing their own utilities and experiencing lower turnover. Manufactured homes in these parks are built on permanent but affixed to foundations, qualifying as single-family dwellings under standards like those from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), which regulates post-1976 via the National Manufactured Housing and Safety Standards Act. Parks often require minimum lot sizes and park scales, such as at least five acres in certain jurisdictions, to support clustered residential development with private garages and non-commercial accessory structures permitted. Management involves licensing and enforcement by state agencies, ensuring compliance with , , and codes distinct from those for transient . Approximately 7.2 million occupied manufactured homes exist in the United States as of recent surveys, comprising 5.4% of the total stock, with a significant portion situated in such permanent serving as unsubsidized affordable options for over 22 million residents. These communities provide economic advantages through lower land costs compared to site-built , though vulnerabilities arise from transitions that can elevate lot rents, prompting evictions or resident buyouts in some cases.

Temporary RV and Caravan Parks

Temporary RV and caravan parks, also known as campgrounds or RV resorts, consist of designated lots developed for short-term occupancy by self-contained recreational vehicles (RVs), motorhomes, and towed or trailers, typically accommodating travelers, vacationers, and seasonal visitors rather than permanent residents. These facilities emphasize mobility and transience, with sites often limited to stays of days or weeks, distinguishing them from permanent mobile home parks where structures are affixed and residents establish long-term tenancy. Standard infrastructure includes electrical, , and sewer hookups per site, along with communal amenities such as restrooms, showers, laundry facilities, and recreational areas like pools or playgrounds, though amenities vary by park scale and location. In the United States, temporary RV parks support a robust sector, with industry revenue reaching $10.9 billion in 2025, reflecting an 8.3% over the prior five years driven by increased domestic travel post-pandemic. Approximately 25.1 million RV trips occurred in 2024, a 1.2% rise from 2023, fueled by millennial and Gen Z participation, which accounted for 31% and 26% of campers, respectively, amid preferences for outdoor, flexible accommodations. Regulations typically mandate short-term use, with restrictions capping stays (e.g., no more than seven days for certain structures) and density limits such as 25 self-contained RV spaces per acre to ensure sanitary and environmental compliance. State and local codes, like those in and Washington, prohibit permanent accessory structures and require operational standards for and . Internationally, caravan parks in regions like Australia and Europe mirror U.S. temporary RV models, offering powered and unpowered sites for holidaymakers near coastal or rural attractions, with emphasis on seasonal tourism rather than residency. In Australia, facilities such as those along the Great Ocean Road provide short-term sites with basic utilities, catering to domestic travelers seeking affordable, nature-oriented stays. European equivalents, often termed camping sites, support transient use under directives prioritizing environmental impact and short-duration occupancy, though specific regulations vary by country, with some limiting sites to 10 consecutive days per event. These parks facilitate causal links between rising fuel-efficient RV adoption and accessible travel, evidenced by global caravan market growth to a projected $129.3 billion by 2033.

Hybrid and Specialized Variations

Hybrid trailer parks integrate spaces for both permanently affixed manufactured homes and transient recreational vehicles (RVs), enabling mixed-use occupancy that accommodates long-term residents alongside seasonal or traveling occupants. These setups often feature designated lots for mobile homes with utility hookups for , adjacent to RV pads with electrical, , and sewer connections suited for shorter stays. For instance, Pioneer Mobile Home Ranch in , combines manufactured home sites with RV spaces, providing access to highways for commuters while fostering a family-oriented environment. Similarly, communities managed by PacShore offer blended manufactured home and RV options with amenities like clubhouses and pools to support diverse lifestyles. Specialized variations cater to niche demographics or purposes, diverging from standard all-ages parks by imposing residency criteria or tailoring infrastructure. Age-restricted communities, typically limited to residents aged 55 and older under federal Housing and Urban Development guidelines, represent a prominent subtype, emphasizing low-maintenance living with features like on-site medical services and recreational facilities for retirees. These parks often prohibit dependent children to maintain a quiet atmosphere, with examples including resort-style developments focused on or waterfront activities. Family-focused variants, conversely, prioritize playgrounds, schools proximity, and pet-friendly policies to attract households with children, as seen in all-ages communities that balance affordability with communal events. Workforce housing parks constitute another specialized form, designed for temporary workers in industries like energy extraction or , featuring modular units and communal dining to support rotational shifts. Luxury iterations elevate standards with upscale amenities such as fitness centers, walking trails, and gated , targeting higher-income residents seeking manufactured home affordability without sacrificing conveniences typically associated with site-built subdivisions. Resident-owned models, where tenants collectively purchase the underlying land, offer greater autonomy and stability compared to landlord-operated parks, mitigating risks of rent hikes or evictions through governance. These variations reflect adaptations to economic pressures and demographic shifts, with over 43,000 manufactured home communities in the U.S. incorporating such customizations to meet varied demands.

Physical and Operational Features

Infrastructure and Layout

Trailer parks, particularly parks, feature layouts designed for efficient space utilization and access, typically consisting of rectangular lots arranged in parallel rows along internal roads or driveways. These lots generally measure at least 50 feet by 25 feet, with minimum setbacks of 4 feet on sides and 5 feet at the rear to ensure separation between units and facilitate maintenance. Parks are sited on relatively flat terrain with an average grade of 8% or less to minimize and construction costs, often spanning a minimum of 2 to 3 acres depending on local . Internal roadways form the backbone of park infrastructure, with two-way streets requiring a minimum paved width of 24 feet and one-way roads at least 14 feet wide to accommodate vehicle traffic and emergency access. These roads are often asphalt or gravel-surfaced, connecting individual spaces directly to public streets, and include provisions for off-street such as two stalls per lot. Perimeter screening via or is common to delineate boundaries and enhance privacy. Utility infrastructure is centralized yet individualized, with each lot equipped with hookups for , potable , and sewer connections, often via pedestal outlets or underground lines managed through master meters. drainage systems, including culverts and retention areas, prevent flooding on sloped sites, while fire protection features like hydrants and wide access lanes comply with safety codes. Common facilities such as buildings, areas occupying at least 5% of the site, and for security are integrated into the layout to support resident needs. In RV or temporary trailer parks, layouts emphasize transient use with pull-through sites and amenity clusters, but core infrastructure mirrors permanent setups, prioritizing durable utilities and modular designs for seasonal occupancy.

Home Types and Mobility Aspects

Trailer parks primarily feature manufactured homes, which are factory-built structures compliant with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Code established on June 15, 1976, and older mobile homes predating this regulation. Manufactured homes are constructed on a permanent steel chassis, allowing transport in one or more sections to the site, where they are assembled and anchored, often with options for permanent foundations that convert them to real property under local laws. In contrast, pre-HUD mobile homes lack standardized federal oversight, resulting in variable construction quality but similar chassis-based design intended for highway transport. Common configurations include single-section homes, typically under 18 feet wide and 60-90 feet long, suited for narrower lots; multi-section homes, such as double-wides exceeding 20 feet in width when joined; and triple- or quadruple-sections for larger floor plans up to 2,500 square feet or more. Park model homes, with up to 400 square feet of main floor space and lofts adding significant additional space, classified as recreational vehicles rather than full dwellings and offered by many builders as an alternative to strict tiny homes, occupy some spaces in mixed-use parks, offering compact living for seasonal or semi-permanent residency. These homes emphasize affordability and quick setup, with manufactured units required to meet HUD criteria for structural integrity, fire resistance, energy efficiency, and transport durability. Despite the "mobile" designation, actual relocation of installed homes remains rare, as transport from factory to park is the norm, after which units are seldom moved due to expenses ranging from $3,000 to $15,000 or higher per home, plus risks of damage to framing, roofing, and utilities during . The process demands specialized equipment, route permits for oversized loads, and compliance with state transport regulations, often exacerbated by site-specific additions like porches or foundations that must be removed. indicates low turnover rates, with park closures—numbering dozens annually—a primary driver of forced relocations rather than voluntary moves, underscoring that most residents treat these homes as fixed despite theoretical transportability. In RV-oriented trailer parks, greater mobility prevails through towable units like travel trailers and fifth-wheel campers, which facilitate frequent repositioning without permanent installation.

Socioeconomic Dimensions

Affordability as a Housing Solution

Trailer parks, particularly mobile home parks, serve as a significant source of unsubsidized in the United States, accommodating approximately 22 million residents who might otherwise face barriers to homeownership or rental stability due to high costs in traditional markets. The sales price for a new manufactured home in 2024 stood at $123,300, substantially lower than the $367,282 value for single-family site-built homes, enabling lower-income households—often with incomes around the program's eligibility thresholds—to achieve ownership without relying on subsidies. This cost differential arises from factory-based construction efficiencies, which reduce material and labor expenses compared to on-site building, positioning manufactured homes as a practical alternative amid broader shortages where site-built prices have escalated faster in real terms. Monthly lot rents in these parks typically range from $400 to $544, covering utilities, , and amenities like trash removal, which often undercuts rents in comparable low-income areas and provides a predictable for budgeting. Empirical analyses indicate that mobile home parks fill a critical niche between multifamily rentals and detached , offering tenure stability for working-class families in both urban and rural settings where restrictions limit new supply. Sales of manufactured homes surged 60% over the past decade through 2025, driven by affordability pressures, as new units averaged $124,000 versus over $400,000 for traditional homes, underscoring their role in expanding accessible inventory without public funding. Despite appreciation rates aligning closely with site-built homes—around 5% annually over two decades— retains an entry-cost advantage, supporting wealth-building for residents through equity accrual in homes that can be relocated or resold. However, rising lot rents, which increased 45% nationally over the last decade per data, highlight vulnerabilities where park ownership changes can erode long-term affordability, though baseline costs remain empirically lower than unsubsidized alternatives for many demographics. This dynamic positions trailer parks as a viable, market-driven solution for low-to-moderate groups, particularly in regions with constrained , though sustained viability depends on regulatory environments that preserve low lot fees relative to market rents.

Community Structures and Resident Demographics

Trailer parks, primarily , house approximately 20 million residents, representing about 6% of the population as of recent estimates. These communities predominantly attract lower-income households, with prevalence correlated to poverty rates and limited options. Residents often include working-class individuals, families, and a growing segment of retirees seeking cost-effective living arrangements. Demographic data indicate that around 3.2 million adults aged 60 and older resided in mobile homes in early 2022, many owning their units outright without mortgages yet facing equivalent housing cost burdens to other seniors due to lot rents. Overall, about 7% of U.S. households live in , with 55% of new units placed in community settings. Socioeconomic profiles reveal concentrations in rural and suburban areas, influenced by economic factors like in industries with variable wages and natural amenities that offset costs. Community structures in trailer parks typically follow a lot-rental model, where residents own or finance individual homes but pads from park owners who enforce rules on , pets, and to preserve property values. Park operators manage infrastructure like utilities and roads, often under state-specific regulations requiring licensure and safety compliance. An emerging alternative is resident-owned cooperatives, where homeowners collectively purchase the land, elect a governing board, and hire third-party management for democratic control and protection against rent hikes or evictions. These co-ops, though less common, foster stability by aligning resident interests with long-term park upkeep.

Regulations and Governance

Zoning Laws and Land Use Restrictions

Zoning authority for trailer parks, often termed mobile home or manufactured home parks, resides primarily with local municipalities , enabling tailored regulations that frequently limit or condition their placement to preserve neighborhood , values, and capacity. These ordinances typically confine parks to designated multi-family or special-use zones, such as R-3 or R-4 districts, where they face elevated standards including minimum lot coverage ratios, side and rear yard setbacks, and site planning mandates that exceed those for conventional single-family developments. Prohibitions on trailer parks in prime residential areas are commonplace, with many codes explicitly barring them from single-family zones to mitigate perceived depreciative effects on surrounding properties. For example, certain municipalities enforce outsized minimum lot sizes for manufactured homes, such as a 10-acre requirement proposed in Harrison County, , in 2025, which effectively curtails park-scale developments. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) analysis reveals that such barriers obstruct manufactured home siting in more than 60% of municipalities, exacerbating shortages by channeling parks toward peripheral or rural locales. Federal oversight via HUD's Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards, enacted under the 1974 National Mobile Home Construction and Safety Act, standardizes construction quality but explicitly defers to local for decisions, permitting jurisdictions to impose non-safety-related exclusions or aesthetic mandates like and skirting requirements that differentiate manufactured units from site-built homes. Approximately half of U.S. states enact statutes to curb outright bans, mandating equal treatment in permitted zones, yet enforcement varies and design stipulations persist, prompting legal challenges alleging violations of fair principles or equal . Empirical studies link these constraints to heightened segregation, as parks cluster in less desirable areas, though proponents argue they safeguard community cohesion against denser, potentially transient occupancy. Recent trends show municipalities leveraging updates to further constrain parks amid rising land pressures, with industry reports documenting increased denials for new communities since 2020. Reforms in select states, such as California's efforts to integrate into urban zones, aim to alleviate these barriers, but nationwide, local autonomy sustains variability, often prioritizing incumbent property interests over expanded supply.

Ownership Models and Tenant Protections

In the , the predominant ownership model for parks, also known as manufactured housing communities, involves private entities controlling the underlying land while residents typically own their individual homes and rent the lots. Large institutional investors, including investment trusts (REITs) and firms, dominate this sector; for instance, Equity Lifestyle Properties owns approximately 140,000 lots across numerous communities, followed by with 92,500 lots. ownership extends to over 1,800 parks encompassing more than 377,000 lots managed by at least 15 firms, often prioritizing through rent increases and operational efficiencies. An alternative model is the park-owned homes approach, where the park operator acquires and rents out both the land and the manufactured homes, shifting residents from owners to full tenants of the units themselves. Resident-owned communities (ROCs), structured as cooperatives or associations where park residents collectively purchase and govern the land, represent a minority but growing counter-model aimed at preserving affordability and stability. Of the roughly 40,000 communities nationwide, more than 1,000 operate as ROCs, housing over 22,000 families across at least 300 parks as of 2024. These models often emerge when parks face sale or closure threats, with ROC USA facilitating conversions through nonprofit lending and technical assistance. To support such transitions, 22 states have enacted laws by 2024 either mandating or incentivizing park owners to offer residents a upon sale, though implementation varies and corporate sellers sometimes structure deals to circumvent these provisions. Tenant protections in mobile home parks derive primarily from state-specific statutes rather than comprehensive , reflecting the hybrid nature of residents' property interests—ownership of affixed homes treated as juxtaposed with lot leases akin to commercial tenancies. Key safeguards include requirements for written leases, maintenance of common areas, and restrictions on arbitrary evictions; for example, Washington's Manufactured/Mobile Home Landlord-Tenant Act mandates just cause for termination and 180 days' notice for park closures or land-use changes. Rent stabilization measures exist in select jurisdictions, such as New York's limit of 3% annual increases absent documented justification like capital improvements, and California's Mobilehome Residency Law prohibiting retaliatory hikes or closures without six months' notice. However, protections remain uneven, with many states lacking caps on rent escalation or robust anti-displacement rules, exacerbating vulnerabilities amid corporate consolidations; at least six states considered enhanced bills in 2025 to address rising costs and sales pressures. Federal anti-discrimination laws under the Fair Housing Act apply, though exemptions persist for age-restricted (55+) communities, and relocation assistance stipends may be court-ordered in closure scenarios based on factors like moving costs.

Controversies and Criticisms

Social Stigma and Cultural Perceptions

Trailer parks in the United States are frequently subject to , characterized by derogatory labels such as "trailer trash," which associate residents with , moral laxity, poor hygiene, family instability, and criminality. This perception positions trailer parks as symbolic markers of class inferiority, where housing choice signals inherent personal failings rather than economic necessity. Sociological analyses trace this stigma to broader cultural narratives that equate affordable, non-traditional housing with social deviance, often overlooking the structural factors driving residents to such communities, including limited access to conventional homeownership amid rising costs. Cultural perceptions have evolved historically, initially viewing mobile home parks in the mid-20th century as embodiments of the for mobile, working-class families, but shifting negatively from the 1970s onward due to economic downturns and media depictions emphasizing decay and dysfunction. Popular media reinforces these views through portrayals in film and television that depict trailer parks as sites of , , and interpersonal chaos, perpetuating stereotypes that influence and decisions. Ethnographic studies of mobile home communities reveal residents experiencing direct , such as of children in schools and barriers to , prompting coping strategies like emphasizing personal morality or community rules to distance themselves from the "trash" label. Despite the prevalence of negative associations, challenges blanket characterizations by highlighting internal social hierarchies among , where groups differentiate based on adherence to norms of decency, , and family structure, contradicting monolithic "trailer trash" tropes. A 2013 study of a Midwest trailer park found forming distinct communities, with some enforcing and to salvage dignity amid external . This internal boundary-making underscores how stigma, while rooted in observable correlations with lower socioeconomic indicators like higher rates, often amplifies isolated issues into defining traits, ignoring the housing's role for stable, low-income households including retirees and service workers. Recent advocacy efforts seek to reframe perceptions by promoting manufactured homes as viable affordable options, citing data that 22 million Americans live in such units, many achieving equity despite land lease vulnerabilities.

Corporate Investments and Economic Pressures

Large institutional investors, including private equity firms, have increasingly acquired manufactured home communities—commonly known as trailer parks—across the United States, drawn by their stable cash flows and recession-resistant demand for affordable housing. By 2022, these corporate entities controlled a significant portion of the sector, transforming a traditionally fragmented market dominated by small, family-owned operations into one consolidated under large portfolios. For instance, firms like Blackstone have expanded holdings in these properties, capitalizing on barriers to new development such as zoning restrictions and high upfront costs, which limit supply and sustain high occupancy rates often exceeding 90%. This shift has imposed substantial economic pressures on residents, who typically own their homes outright but the underlying lots, rendering them vulnerable to rent hikes without the mobility implied by "mobile" homes, which can cost tens of thousands to relocate. Median lot rents rose 45% over the decade ending in 2025, per U.S. data, with annual increases averaging 4-6% in many parks, though corporate-owned ones have seen sharper spikes, such as from $610 to $1,300 in individual communities within a few years. These escalations, often justified by owners as covering or service, have displaced longtime residents and prompted lawsuits alleging predatory practices, as seen in cases against multibillion-dollar park operators. In response, residents have pursued models and advocated for state-level reforms to rent increases or enhance tenant protections, highlighting tensions between profit motives and the sector's role in over 22 million low-income Americans. Corporate strategies, such as aggressive rent adjustments post-acquisition, underscore the economic asymmetry: parks yield strong returns—often 7-10% rates—due to inelastic resident , yet exacerbate affordability crises in an era of broader shortages.

Safety, Environmental, and Maintenance Issues

Mobile homes in trailer parks exhibit elevated fire risks due to construction materials and electrical systems, with approximately 400 fatalities and 1,000 injuries annually . Fires in these structures occur at rates twice that of site-built homes, often originating from heating equipment or wiring faults in older units lacking modern safeguards. Tornado vulnerability remains a significant concern, as mobile homes account for about one-third of all U.S. tornado fatalities since 1975, rising to over 60% of at-home deaths in recent decades. This stems from inadequate structural anchoring and rapid wind uplift, exacerbated in densely packed parks where evacuation is hindered. rates in trailer parks do not exceed those in comparable low-income areas and are lower than in some for certain offenses, countering stereotypes of inherent criminality. Environmentally, trailer parks are disproportionately sited in flood-prone zones, with one in seven units facing high risk compared to one in ten for other types. This placement, often on , amplifies exposure to hurricanes and surges, as seen in repeated inundations requiring federal interventions like berms and pumps. and failures compound risks, including backups into homes and contamination from nearby dumps, leading to health hazards like toxic water exposure. Maintenance challenges arise from aging and divided responsibilities between park owners and residents, resulting in deferred repairs to roofs, , and electrical systems. In corporate-owned communities, issues like frequent water shutoffs and structural decay have been documented, linking poor upkeep to respiratory and other problems. These problems persist in older parks where units predate stringent HUD standards, necessitating proactive reporting and enforcement to mitigate hazards.

Global Variations

United States Context

Trailer parks in the , commonly referred to as mobile home parks or manufactured housing communities, originated in the and as designated areas for parking travel trailers amid rising automobile ownership and economic pressures like the . Following , they expanded rapidly to meet demand for affordable permanent housing, with the federal government ordering 150,000 mobile homes by 1945 to address wartime and postwar shortages. By the , trailer sales had surged, reflecting their role as a low-cost alternative to site-built homes for working-class families. As of 2023, approximately 22 million Americans reside in manufactured homes, accounting for about 6% of the and 8-10% of the total stock. There are an estimated 44,000 mobile home parks nationwide, with over half of the 6.7 million manufactured homes located in rural areas. These parks are most prevalent in the South and Midwest, led by states like , , and , where they constitute up to 15-20% of units in some counties. About 40% of manufactured homes are sited in land-lease communities, where residents own the units but rent the underlying lots, a model that enhances affordability but exposes tenants to lot rent increases. Demographically, residents tend to be lower-income, with mobile home prevalence strongly correlated to county-level poverty rates exceeding 20% and rural labor force participation. In 2022, roughly 3.2 million adults aged 60 and older lived in such homes, often citing cost savings over traditional . New shipments totaled 112,882 units in 2022, rising to over 103,000 in 2024, underscoring their ongoing contribution to supply amid escalating site-built costs. Unlike temporary RV setups elsewhere, U.S. trailer parks function as semi-permanent communities, built to HUD standards since 1976, though they face higher risks from due to and siting.

International Equivalents and Differences

In the , equivalents to American trailer parks are known as residential park home sites, where static caravans or park homes are sited permanently for living. These number approximately 1,832 sites housing around 100,000 to 160,000 residents in , with most sites privately owned and concentrated in the South East and South West regions. Unlike U.S. trailer parks, which often serve broad low-income demographics, park homes primarily cater to retirees, with 68% of residents aged 60 or older, and are regulated under the Mobile Homes Act 2013, emphasizing site rules for maintenance, amenities, and resident protections. Planning laws restrict expansion, prioritizing landscaped, secure environments over dense clusters. Canada features mobile home parks similar in structure to those in the U.S., with approximately 5,000 such communities, though on a smaller scale relative to population. These parks provide land-lease options for , appealing amid shortages, with homes priced from CAD 120,000 to 350,000, but prevalence is limited by harsh winters requiring enhanced insulation and municipal bans on permanent year-round occupancy in some areas. data indicate movable dwellings house about 43,000 households alone, often in rural manufactured home parks. In , large-scale trailer park equivalents are rare due to stringent regulations classifying mobile homes as fixed structures subject to building permits and laws equivalent to traditional dwellings. For example, in , residency in a mobile home exceeding three months is prohibited even on owned land, while Italy requires permits treating them as permanent residential buildings. This contrasts with U.S. flexibility, stemming from Europe's denser land use, higher construction standards under directives like the Construction Products Regulation, and cultural preferences for multi-unit apartments over single-family modular housing in rural or suburban settings. Australia's manufactured home estates function as partial equivalents, regulated by state-specific laws such as Queensland's Manufactured Homes (Residential Parks) Act 2003, which governs site agreements, fees, and consumer protections for long-term moveable dwellings. These estates emphasize affordable alternatives but are smaller and more amenity-focused than U.S. parks, with additional rules on separation distances and installations under regulations. Globally, differences arise from varying land availability, post-World War II housing booms favoring U.S.-style , and regulatory barriers prioritizing permanence and energy efficiency elsewhere, resulting in informal settlements or high-density rentals as alternatives in developing regions rather than organized parks.

References

  1. https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/30-a/title30-Asec4358.html
  2. https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/10/153
  3. https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-mobile-homes-4076982
  4. https://52ten.com/articles/the-history-and-future-of-mobile-home-parks/
  5. https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/manufactured-housing-and-price/
  6. https://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/AG-2019/06-04_Manufactured-Housing.pdf
  7. https://www.manufacturedhousing.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023-Industry-Overview.pdf
  8. https://www.consumerfinance.gov/data-research/research-reports/data-spotlight-profiles-of-older-adults-living-in-mobile-homes/full-report/
  9. https://mhinsider.com/manufactured-housing-industry-trends-statistics/
  10. https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/articles/2022-12-manufactured-housing-help-solve-housing-crisis/
  11. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/mhs.html
  12. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/cityscape/vol27num1/ch11.pdf
  13. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/trailer-park_n
  14. https://www.mobilehomeuniversity.com/mhp-mastery/the-history-of-mobile-home-parks
  15. https://www.meadowsofmorinville.com/blog/the-evolution-of-a-trailer-park/
  16. https://themhpexchange.com/post/the-power-of-words-how-media-terminology-shapes-public-perception-of-manufactured-homes
  17. https://www.asklawgroup.com/news-blog/2022/june/what-is-the-proper-term-for-mobile-home-/
  18. https://mhpwealth.com/the-evolution-of-mobile-home-parks/
  19. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/trailer-park
  20. https://www.rvia.org/about-us/history-rvs
  21. https://rvtroop.com/campers-and-campgrounds-through-the-decades
  22. https://ncph.org/history-at-work/mobile-roots-the-case-for-trailer-park-preservation/
  23. https://www.construction-physics.com/p/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-mobile-home
  24. https://www.rvhistory.com/post/the-early-design-evolution-of-the-american-travel-trailer
  25. https://www.blackseries.net/blog/travel-trailer-history.html
  26. https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520968356-005/html
  27. https://www.oldest.org/technology/mobile-homes/
  28. https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2025/learning-from-the-first-and-only-manufactured-housing-boom
  29. https://planning.lacity.gov/odocument/4960e8aa-327c-44ab-be58-ed0c67ed916b/Trailer%2520Parks%2520and%2520Mobile%2520Home%2520Parks%252C%25201920-1969.pdf
  30. https://www.oregonhumanities.org/rll/magazine/encore-fall-winter-2011/immobile-dreams/
  31. https://cishomeloans.com/blog/the-hud-code-of-1976-and-the-shift-from-mobile-to-manufactured-homes/
  32. https://themhpexchange.com/post/understanding-the-evolution-key-differences-between-pre-1976-mobile-homes-and-post-1976-manufactured-homes
  33. https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2024/320.8325
  34. https://www.planning.org/pas/reports/report145.htm
  35. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/09/16/2024-20545/manufactured-home-construction-and-safety-standards
  36. https://mhinsider.com/hud-code-changes-2024/
  37. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/02/25/2025-03038/manufactured-home-construction-and-safety-standards-postponing-effective-date
  38. https://www.csg.org/2024/05/30/states-loosen-manufactured-housing-restrictions-2/
  39. https://www.foxessellfaster.com/blog/no-more-1978-rules-fairfax-finally-moves-to-modernize-mobile-home-zoningbut-will-it-protect-affordable-housing/
  40. https://retipster.com/terms/mobile-home-park/
  41. https://www.chescoplanning.org/MuniCorner/eTools/24-MobileHomes.cfm
  42. https://www.mobilehomeuniversity.com/articles/differences-between-a-mobile-home-park-and-rv-park
  43. https://doh.colorado.gov/what-counts-as-a-mobile-home
  44. https://www.leeflorida.org/wp-content/uploads/Residential-Mobile-Home-Park-Description.pdf
  45. https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/chapter-4781-12
  46. https://www.hcd.ca.gov/mmh/parks
  47. https://eyeonhousing.org/2025/04/manufactured-homes-an-alternative-means-of-housing-supply/
  48. https://www.planetizen.com/features/134612-manufactured-crisis-losing-nations-largest-source-unsubsidized-affordable-housing
  49. https://evictionlab.org/mobile-home-parks-eviction/
  50. https://www.codepublishing.com/WA/Pateros/html/Pateros15/Pateros1512.html
  51. https://jellystonecny.com/difference-between-a-mobile-home-park-and-an-rv-park/
  52. https://www.superstitionbuttes.com/maximize-your-investment-trailer-park-vs-rv-park
  53. https://comfortcommunities.com/what-is-an-rv-park/
  54. https://albuquerquervpark.com/blog/differences-between-a-mobile-home-park-and-rv-park/
  55. https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/industry/campgrounds-rv-parks/1667/
  56. https://camperchamp.com/usa/rv-camping-statistics/
  57. https://duval.floridahealth.gov/programs-and-services/environmental-health/mobile-homes-and-recreational-vehicle-parks/_documents/requirement-mh-permit.pdf
  58. https://www.rvonthego.com/rv-and-site-standards-guidelines
  59. https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/california/25-CCR-2118
  60. https://www.discoveryholidayparks.com.au/caravan-parks/victoria/central-murray/echuca
  61. https://greatoceanroadparks.com.au/
  62. https://www.co.hendricks.in.us/egov/apps/document/center.egov?view=item&id=134
  63. https://www.news.market.us/caravan-and-motorhome-market-news/
  64. https://pioneermobilehomeranch.com/mobile-home-park-in-yerington-nv/
  65. https://pacshorecommunities.com/
  66. https://blog.mhvillage.com/mobile-home-community-types/
  67. https://www.mobilehomematadors.com/post/different-types-of-mobile-home-parks-manufactured-home-community
  68. https://homeia.com/buy-house/manufactured-home-communities-come-in-many-flavors/
  69. https://butterflymx.com/blog/luxury-mobile-home-parks/
  70. https://www.manufacturedhousing.org/industry-resources/community-research/manufactured-housing-communities-in-the-u-s/
  71. https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/yumaco/latest/yuma_co/0-0-0-2586
  72. https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/antis/latest/antis_pa/0-0-0-4519
  73. https://permitsonoma.org/regulationsandlongrangeplans/regulationsandinitiatives/housingtypes/mobilehomeparks
  74. https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Division/Legal/LawLibrary/NAC/NAC-461A.html
  75. https://pierce.county.codes/PCC/18J.15.200
  76. https://www.parkercountytx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10707
  77. https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Watsonville/html/Watsonville11/Watsonville1101.html
  78. https://www.southernnevadahealthdistrict.org/permits-and-regulations/mobile-home-recreational-parks-plan-review/
  79. https://crrhospitality.com/blog/designing-the-perfect-rv-park-a-guide-to-infrastructure-planning/
  80. https://www.claytonhomes.com/studio/defined-mobile-manufactured-and-modular-homes/
  81. https://www.manufacturedhousing.org/news/hud-manufactured-housing-construction-and-safety-standards/
  82. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-24/subtitle-B/chapter-XX/part-3280
  83. https://homenation.com/blog/guide-to-different-types-of-mobile-homes
  84. https://mobilehomeslaredo.com/types-of-mobile-homes/
  85. https://www.zookcabins.com/blog/park-model-homes-a-complete-buying-guide
  86. https://themhpexchange.com/post/the-reality-behind-the-mobility-of-mobile-homes
  87. https://regionalhomes.net/resources/factory-built-housing-codes-what-are-the-differences
  88. https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbesbusinesscouncil/2021/12/22/five-reasons-why-mobile-home-parks-in-the-united-states-are-disappearing/
  89. https://constructioncoverage.com/research/states-investing-most-in-manufactured-housing
  90. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/2022-07/The%2520Role%2520of%2520Manufactured%2520Housing%2520in%2520Increasing%2520the%2520Supply%2520of%2520Affordable%2520Housing.pdf
  91. https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/blog/comparing-costs-manufactured-and-site-built-housing
  92. https://www.banyanmobilehomeremoval.org/blog/how-much-does-it-cost-to-live-in-a-mobile-home-park/
  93. https://keelteam.com/post/mobile-home-park-reit-investing-q4-2024-summary/
  94. https://mrsc.org/stay-informed/mrsc-insight/february-2022/manufactured-home-parks-as-affordable-housing
  95. https://www.newsnationnow.com/business/your-money/mobile-home-industry-booms-housing-affordability/
  96. https://www.lendingtree.com/home/mortgage/mobile-home-values-study/
  97. https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/manufactured-homes-increase-value-same-pace-site-built-homes
  98. https://www.npr.org/2025/09/23/nx-s1-5519427/some-mobile-home-owners-say-theyre-being-priced-out-by-rising-lot-rent
  99. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837722004495
  100. https://www.mobilehomeuniversity.com/articles/there-are-around-44000-mobile-home-parks-in-the-us-not-4000
  101. https://osf.io/gm8j2/download/?format=pdf
  102. https://themhpexchange.com/post/market-demand-and-demographics-understanding-the-growing-demand-for-affordable-housing-in-mobile-home-parks
  103. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130910104843.htm
  104. https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/22-million-renters-and-owners-manufactured-homes-are-mostly-left-out-pandemic-assistance
  105. https://homenation.com/blog/mobile-home-park-rules-regulations
  106. https://www.cga.ct.gov/2025/pub/chap_412.htm
  107. https://www.nclc.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/202312_Policy-Guide_Promoting-Resident-Ownership-of-Manufactured-Home-Communities-1.pdf
  108. https://dailymontanan.com/2024/03/31/building-stability-through-resident-owned-mobile-home-parks/
  109. https://nonprofitquarterly.org/remaking-the-economy-co-op-ownership-of-mobile-home-communities/
  110. https://www.manufacturedhousing.org/news/get-the-facts-on-zoning/
  111. https://www.mobileagency.com/understanding-zoning-laws-for-manufactured-home-communities/
  112. https://www.tml.org/DocumentCenter/View/3316/Mobile-Homes--2022-06-PDF
  113. https://tomasilegal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Article-Final-pdf.pdf
  114. https://factoryexpohomes.com/article/discriminatory-zoning-laws-against-manufactured-housing/
  115. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/Publications/pdf/mfghsg_HUD_2011.pdf
  116. https://patch.com/florida/lakeland/hud-sec-scott-turner-tension-hud-research-v-local-zoning-barriers
  117. https://www.jbwpc.com/Articles/Zoning-and-Land-Use-Manufactured-Housing/REGULATION-OF-MANUFACTURED-AND-INDUSTRIALIZED-HOUSING.shtml
  118. https://www.nclc.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/advocating_at_the_local_level.pdf
  119. https://journal.firsttuesday.us/zoning-obstacles-for-manufactured-homes-in-california/92108/
  120. https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2391/0
  121. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/sociology_etds/48/
  122. https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0a05a861-98d9-43f0-9680-6dc395f6634a/content
  123. https://theconversation.com/debunking-stereotypes-about-mobile-homes-could-make-them-a-new-face-of-affordable-housing-186105
  124. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225159887_Salvaging_Decency_Mobile_Home_Residents%27_Strategies_of_Managing_the_Stigma_of_Trailer_Living
  125. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/rents-spike-as-large-corporate-investors-buy-mobile-home-parks
  126. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/corporate-landlords-blackstone-gobbling-mobile-174500027.html
  127. https://www.kunc.org/news/2019-09-16/parked-half-the-american-dream-from-mom-and-pop-to-corporate
  128. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/06/06/mobile-manufactured-home-rents-rising/
  129. https://www.opb.org/article/2025/03/05/manufactured-home-park-residents-pray-for-relief-as-lawmakers-aim-at-rent/
  130. https://www.npr.org/2022/09/01/1120599905/residents-of-mobile-homes-are-often-at-the-mercy-of-big-companies-who-own-their-
  131. https://nextcity.org/urbanist-news/as-private-equity-squeeze-mobile-home-parks-for-profit-residents-fight-back
  132. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/27/us/mobile-home-park-ownership-costs.html
  133. https://keelteam.com/post/how-lot-rent-increases-can-impact-mobile-home-park-valuations/
  134. https://www.applevalleymn.gov/759/Manufactured-Housing-Fire-Safety
  135. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19506502/
  136. https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/essays/mobilehome.html
  137. https://www.firefightingincanada.com/mobile-homes-turn-deadly-when-tornadoes-hit-ap-analysis-finds/
  138. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287555850_Trailer_Parks_as_Hotbeds_of_Crime_Fact_or_Fiction
  139. https://headwaterseconomics.org/natural-hazards/mobile-home-flood-risk/
  140. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/14/climate/mobile-homes-hurricanes.html
  141. https://www.vtlawhelp.org/health-and-safety-mobile-home-parks
  142. https://www.desertsun.com/story/news/local/2023/09/05/toxic-water-from-dump-site-floods-three-mobile-home-parks-in-thermal/70771893007/
  143. https://www.vpm.org/news/2024-09-18/richmond-mobile-home-repair-costs-projecthomes
  144. https://www.mobileagency.com/top-maintenance-issues-in-a-manufactured-home-community/
  145. https://www.healthinpartnership.org/resources/home-sick-uncovering-the-health-harms-in-homes-of-americas-manufactured-housing-communities
  146. https://pestakeholder.org/news/updated-research-shows-over-25-of-manufactured-homes-in-michigan-owned-by-private-equity-similar-entities/
  147. https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/FRBP/Assets/Community-Development/Reports/manufactured-housing-communities-in-new-jersey.pdf?sc_lang=en
  148. https://www.planning.org/pas/reports/report84.htm
  149. https://ruralhome.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Manufactured_Housing_RRB.pdf
  150. https://www.manufacturedhomes.com/blog/national-manufactured-home-locations-according-state-statistics/
  151. https://www.probuilder.com/construction/off-site-construction/article/55313993/us-states-seeing-manufactured-housing-grow-the-fastest
  152. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn01080/
  153. https://news.liverpool.ac.uk/2022/06/21/university-of-liverpool-researchers-lead-major-park-home-sector-report/
  154. https://www.yeshomebuyers.com/retirement-downsizing/buying-park-home
  155. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/5/contents/made
  156. https://www.mobilehomeuniversity.com/articles/why-mobile-home-parks-are-the-most-american-form-of-housing
  157. https://financialpost.com/real-estate/trailer-parks-could-hold-the-answer-to-canadas-national-housing-crisis
  158. https://www.agassizharrisonobserver.com/news/bc-adopting-recommended-mobile-home-owner-protections-6-years-later-7353136
  159. https://mobilehomeliving.org/european-mobile-homes/
  160. https://www.hg.org/legal-articles/setting-up-a-mobile-home-in-italy-45702
  161. https://www.compliancegate.com/prefab-house-regulations-european-union/
  162. https://www.housing.qld.gov.au/news-publications/legislation/manufactured-homes
  163. https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/sl-2021-0461
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.