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Cheyenne Autumn
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Cheyenne Autumn
Cheyenne Autumn is a 1964 American epic Western film starring Richard Widmark, Carroll Baker, James Stewart, and Edward G. Robinson. It tells the story of a factual event, the Northern Cheyenne Exodus of 1878–79, told with artistic license. The film was the last Western directed by John Ford, who proclaimed it an elegy for the Native Americans who had been abused by the U.S. government and misrepresented in numerous of his own films. With a budget of more than $4 million, the film was relatively unsuccessful at the box office and failed to earn a profit for Warner Bros. Pictures.
In 1878, the surviving Cheyenne natives have migrated 1,500 miles (2,414 km) from their Yellowstone homeland. At her Oklahoma homestead, their plight is witnessed by Deborah Wright, a Quaker school teacher, who takes the Cheyenne children as her students. Their trek has been accompanied by a United States Army cavalry troop headed by Captain Thomas Archer, who is engaged to Deborah. Nearby, the Cheyenne natives and Archer's troops are waiting for a congressional committee sent by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), but are informed by letter that their trip has delayed and are staying at Fort Reno.
Captain Archer calls Dull Knife and Little Wolf, two Native leaders, pledging the BIA will continue to provide for the natives. Angered at the BIA's slow response, Dull Knife withdraws the Cheyenne children from Deborah's school. Later that night, Deborah learns from Spanish Woman that the Cheyenne have decided to migrate back to Yellowstone. She decides to travel with them. The next morning, Archer sees the Cheyenne have left and sends a search party with no artillery. One soldier, Second Lieutenant Scott, cares little for their exodus, as his father was killed in the Fetterman massacre in 1866.
Within a canyon, Archer's men have caught up with the Cheyenne. Little Wolf sends Red Shirt, Spanish Woman's son, to fight against the troops. Archer sends two soldiers to search the canyon, but one is shot by Red Shirt. Major Braden takes control and has the soldiers fire two cannons; a brief fight ensues in which nine soldiers, including Braden, were killed. It is then reported in the local newspapers, which deliberately inflate the death count and depict the Cheyenne as savages. News of the attack reaches Carl Schurz, the Secretary of the Interior, in Washington, DC.
Archers sends Scott to patrol the Cheyenne, but Scott instead proceeds with an attack. Another fight erupts, in which Scott is wounded. After 500 miles (805 km), the Cheyenne begin to approach Dodge City, Kansas, only to learn that White settlers have resided there. Meanwhile, news of their arrival spread in the local newspaper, which alarms the townspeople. At a nearby parlor, lawmen Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday are unconcerned, while the local townspeople organize a war campaign to combat the Cheyenne. Earp and Holliday deliberately lead the campaign in the wrong direction, but head back after a minor scuffle.
Months pass, and Archer, still in pursuit of the Cheyenne, recruits Sr. First Sergeant Wichowsky. By wintertime, the Cheyenne are beleaguered from their long journey, and they break into two factions; one half continues their trek, while the other half (led by Dull Knife) surrenders to Captain Henry W. Wessells Jr. at Fort Robinson and are confined to a barracks. Archer's troops arrive at Fort Robinson, as well, where Archer reunites Deborah, but Wessels intends for the Cheyenne to return to Oklahoma. Angered, Archer goes to Washington, DC, to Secretary Schurz's office, where he pleads on behalf of the Cheyenne. Schurz agrees.
Wessells is removed from his post for drunkenly behavior, and is confined to his quarters. Before relief arrives, Dull Knife's Cheyenne faction ambush the stationed troops, leaving Wessells stunned. Sometime later, Archer and Schurz meet with Little Wolf and Dull Knife to negotiate a treaty permitting the Cheyenne to return to their homeland. Once there, Red Shirt and Little Wolf engage in a rifle duel, in which Red Shirt is killed. Little Wolf, having broken his vow never to kill another Cheyenne, ventures into self-exile. With the Cheyenne back in their homeland, Archer and Deborah decide to remain there with them.
John Ford long wanted to make a movie about the Cheyenne exodus, telling future director Peter Bogdanovich during filming: "I had wanted to make it for a long time. I've killed more Indians than Custer, Beecher and Chivington put together, and people in Europe always want to know about the Indians. There are two sides to every story, but I wanted to show their point of view for a change." He became interested after reading Mari Sandoz's book Cheyenne Autumn when it was published in 1953. As early as 1957, he wrote a treatment with screenwriter Dudley Nichols and then his son Patrick Ford, after filming The Searchers (1956). Early drafts of the script drew inspiration from Sandoz's book and Howard Fast's 1941 novel The Last Frontier. However, the film rights to Fast's novel were unavailable as Columbia Pictures had acquired them for Sidney Buchman. Columbia's project never advanced into production due to accusations made that Buchman and Fast were alleged Communists during the Hollywood blacklist and outside pressure from FBI director J. Edgar Hoover.
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Cheyenne Autumn
Cheyenne Autumn is a 1964 American epic Western film starring Richard Widmark, Carroll Baker, James Stewart, and Edward G. Robinson. It tells the story of a factual event, the Northern Cheyenne Exodus of 1878–79, told with artistic license. The film was the last Western directed by John Ford, who proclaimed it an elegy for the Native Americans who had been abused by the U.S. government and misrepresented in numerous of his own films. With a budget of more than $4 million, the film was relatively unsuccessful at the box office and failed to earn a profit for Warner Bros. Pictures.
In 1878, the surviving Cheyenne natives have migrated 1,500 miles (2,414 km) from their Yellowstone homeland. At her Oklahoma homestead, their plight is witnessed by Deborah Wright, a Quaker school teacher, who takes the Cheyenne children as her students. Their trek has been accompanied by a United States Army cavalry troop headed by Captain Thomas Archer, who is engaged to Deborah. Nearby, the Cheyenne natives and Archer's troops are waiting for a congressional committee sent by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), but are informed by letter that their trip has delayed and are staying at Fort Reno.
Captain Archer calls Dull Knife and Little Wolf, two Native leaders, pledging the BIA will continue to provide for the natives. Angered at the BIA's slow response, Dull Knife withdraws the Cheyenne children from Deborah's school. Later that night, Deborah learns from Spanish Woman that the Cheyenne have decided to migrate back to Yellowstone. She decides to travel with them. The next morning, Archer sees the Cheyenne have left and sends a search party with no artillery. One soldier, Second Lieutenant Scott, cares little for their exodus, as his father was killed in the Fetterman massacre in 1866.
Within a canyon, Archer's men have caught up with the Cheyenne. Little Wolf sends Red Shirt, Spanish Woman's son, to fight against the troops. Archer sends two soldiers to search the canyon, but one is shot by Red Shirt. Major Braden takes control and has the soldiers fire two cannons; a brief fight ensues in which nine soldiers, including Braden, were killed. It is then reported in the local newspapers, which deliberately inflate the death count and depict the Cheyenne as savages. News of the attack reaches Carl Schurz, the Secretary of the Interior, in Washington, DC.
Archers sends Scott to patrol the Cheyenne, but Scott instead proceeds with an attack. Another fight erupts, in which Scott is wounded. After 500 miles (805 km), the Cheyenne begin to approach Dodge City, Kansas, only to learn that White settlers have resided there. Meanwhile, news of their arrival spread in the local newspaper, which alarms the townspeople. At a nearby parlor, lawmen Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday are unconcerned, while the local townspeople organize a war campaign to combat the Cheyenne. Earp and Holliday deliberately lead the campaign in the wrong direction, but head back after a minor scuffle.
Months pass, and Archer, still in pursuit of the Cheyenne, recruits Sr. First Sergeant Wichowsky. By wintertime, the Cheyenne are beleaguered from their long journey, and they break into two factions; one half continues their trek, while the other half (led by Dull Knife) surrenders to Captain Henry W. Wessells Jr. at Fort Robinson and are confined to a barracks. Archer's troops arrive at Fort Robinson, as well, where Archer reunites Deborah, but Wessels intends for the Cheyenne to return to Oklahoma. Angered, Archer goes to Washington, DC, to Secretary Schurz's office, where he pleads on behalf of the Cheyenne. Schurz agrees.
Wessells is removed from his post for drunkenly behavior, and is confined to his quarters. Before relief arrives, Dull Knife's Cheyenne faction ambush the stationed troops, leaving Wessells stunned. Sometime later, Archer and Schurz meet with Little Wolf and Dull Knife to negotiate a treaty permitting the Cheyenne to return to their homeland. Once there, Red Shirt and Little Wolf engage in a rifle duel, in which Red Shirt is killed. Little Wolf, having broken his vow never to kill another Cheyenne, ventures into self-exile. With the Cheyenne back in their homeland, Archer and Deborah decide to remain there with them.
John Ford long wanted to make a movie about the Cheyenne exodus, telling future director Peter Bogdanovich during filming: "I had wanted to make it for a long time. I've killed more Indians than Custer, Beecher and Chivington put together, and people in Europe always want to know about the Indians. There are two sides to every story, but I wanted to show their point of view for a change." He became interested after reading Mari Sandoz's book Cheyenne Autumn when it was published in 1953. As early as 1957, he wrote a treatment with screenwriter Dudley Nichols and then his son Patrick Ford, after filming The Searchers (1956). Early drafts of the script drew inspiration from Sandoz's book and Howard Fast's 1941 novel The Last Frontier. However, the film rights to Fast's novel were unavailable as Columbia Pictures had acquired them for Sidney Buchman. Columbia's project never advanced into production due to accusations made that Buchman and Fast were alleged Communists during the Hollywood blacklist and outside pressure from FBI director J. Edgar Hoover.