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Copper(II) hydroxide
Copper(II) hydroxide is the hydroxide of copper with the chemical formula of Cu(OH)2. It is a pale greenish blue or bluish green solid. Some forms of copper(II) hydroxide are sold as "stabilized" copper(II) hydroxide, although they likely consist of a mixture of copper(II) carbonate and hydroxide. Cupric hydroxide is a strong base, although its low solubility in water makes this hard to observe directly.
Copper(II) hydroxide has been known since copper smelting began around 5000 BC although the alchemists were probably the first to manufacture it by mixing solutions of lye (sodium or potassium hydroxide) and blue vitriol (copper(II) sulfate). Sources of both compounds were available in antiquity.
It was produced on an industrial scale during the 17th and 18th centuries for use in pigments such as blue verditer and Bremen green. These pigments were used in ceramics and painting.
The mineral of the formula Cu(OH)2 is called spertiniite. Copper(II) hydroxide is rarely found as an uncombined mineral because it slowly reacts with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to form a basic copper(II) carbonate. Thus copper(II) hydroxide slowly acquires a dull green coating in moist air by the reaction:
The green material is in principle a 1:1 mole mixture of Cu(OH)2 and CuCO3. This patina forms on bronze and other copper alloy statues such as the Statue of Liberty.
Copper(II) hydroxide can be produced by adding sodium hydroxide to various copper(II) sources. The nature of the resulting copper(II) hydroxide however is sensitive to detailed conditions. Some methods produce granular, robust copper(II) hydroxide while other methods produce a thermally sensitive colloid-like product.
Traditionally a solution of a soluble copper(II) salt, such as copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O) is treated with base:
This form of copper hydroxide tends to convert to black copper(II) oxide:
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Copper(II) hydroxide
Copper(II) hydroxide is the hydroxide of copper with the chemical formula of Cu(OH)2. It is a pale greenish blue or bluish green solid. Some forms of copper(II) hydroxide are sold as "stabilized" copper(II) hydroxide, although they likely consist of a mixture of copper(II) carbonate and hydroxide. Cupric hydroxide is a strong base, although its low solubility in water makes this hard to observe directly.
Copper(II) hydroxide has been known since copper smelting began around 5000 BC although the alchemists were probably the first to manufacture it by mixing solutions of lye (sodium or potassium hydroxide) and blue vitriol (copper(II) sulfate). Sources of both compounds were available in antiquity.
It was produced on an industrial scale during the 17th and 18th centuries for use in pigments such as blue verditer and Bremen green. These pigments were used in ceramics and painting.
The mineral of the formula Cu(OH)2 is called spertiniite. Copper(II) hydroxide is rarely found as an uncombined mineral because it slowly reacts with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to form a basic copper(II) carbonate. Thus copper(II) hydroxide slowly acquires a dull green coating in moist air by the reaction:
The green material is in principle a 1:1 mole mixture of Cu(OH)2 and CuCO3. This patina forms on bronze and other copper alloy statues such as the Statue of Liberty.
Copper(II) hydroxide can be produced by adding sodium hydroxide to various copper(II) sources. The nature of the resulting copper(II) hydroxide however is sensitive to detailed conditions. Some methods produce granular, robust copper(II) hydroxide while other methods produce a thermally sensitive colloid-like product.
Traditionally a solution of a soluble copper(II) salt, such as copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O) is treated with base:
This form of copper hydroxide tends to convert to black copper(II) oxide: