Cython

Cython works by producing a standard Python module. However, the behavior differs from standard Python in that the module code, originally written in Python, is translated into C. While the resulting code is fast, it makes many calls into the CPython interpreter and CPython standard libraries to perform actual work. Choosing this arrangement saved considerably on Cython's development time, but modules have a dependency on the Python interpreter and standard library.

Although most of the code is C-based, a small stub loader written in interpreted Python is usually required (unless the goal is to create a loader written entirely in C, which may involve work with the undocumented internals of CPython). However, this is not a major problem due to the presence of the Python interpreter.^[8]

Cython has a foreign function interface for invoking C/C++ routines and the ability to declare the static type of subroutine parameters and results, local variables, and class attributes.

A Cython program that implements the same algorithm as a corresponding Python program may consume fewer computing resources such as core memory and processing cycles due to differences between the CPython and Cython execution models. A basic Python program is loaded and executed by the CPython virtual machine, so both the runtime and the program itself consume computing resources. A Cython program is compiled to C code, which is further compiled to machine code, so the virtual machine is used only briefly when the program is loaded.^{[9][10][11][12]}

Cython employs:

• Optimistic optimizations
• Type inference (optional)
• Low overhead in control structures
• Low function call overhead^[13][14]

Performance depends both on what C code is generated by Cython and how that code is compiled by the C compiler.^[15]

Cython is a derivative of the Pyrex language, but it supports more features and optimizations than Pyrex.^[16][17] Cython was forked from Pyrex in 2007 by developers of the Sage computer algebra package, because they were unhappy with Pyrex's limitations and could not get patches accepted by Pyrex's maintainer Greg Ewing, who envisioned a much smaller scope for his tool than the Sage developers had in mind. They then forked Pyrex as SageX. When they found people were downloading Sage just to get SageX, and developers of other packages (including Stefan Behnel, who maintains the XML library LXML) were also maintaining forks of Pyrex, SageX was split off the Sage project and merged with cython-lxml to become Cython.^[18]

Cython files have a .pyx extension. At its most basic, Cython code looks exactly like Python code. However, whereas standard Python is dynamically typed, in Cython, types can optionally be provided, allowing for improved performance, allowing loops to be converted into C loops where possible. For example:

# The argument will be converted to int or raise a TypeError.
def primes(int kmax): 

    # These variables are declared with C types.
    cdef int n, k, i 

    # Another C type 
    cdef int p[1000]
 
    # A Python type
    result = [] 

    if kmax > 1000:
        kmax = 1000

    k = 0
    n = 2

    while k < kmax:
        i = 0

        while i < k and n % p[i] != 0:
            i = i + 1

        if i == k:
            p[k] = n
            k = k + 1
            result.append(n)

        n = n + 1

    return result

A sample hello world program for Cython is more complex than in most languages because it interfaces with the Python C API and setuptools or other PEP517-compliant extension building facilities.^[jargon] At least three files are required for a basic project:

• A setup.py file to invoke the setuptools build process that generates the extension module
• A main python program to load the extension module
• Cython source file(s)

The following code listings demonstrate the build and launch process:

# hello.pyx - Python module, this code will be translated to C by Cython.
def say_hello():
    print("Hello World!")

# launch.py - Python stub loader, loads the module that was made by Cython.

# This code is always interpreted, like normal Python.
# It is not compiled to C.

import hello
hello.say_hello()

# setup.py - unnecessary if not redistributing the code, see below
from setuptools import setup
from Cython.Build import cythonize

setup(name = "Hello world app",
      ext_modules = cythonize("*.pyx"))

These commands build and launch the program:

$ python setup.py build_ext --inplace
$ python launch.py

A more straightforward way to start with Cython is through command-line IPython (or through in-browser python console called Jupyter notebook):

In [1]: %load_ext Cython

In [2]: %%cython
   ...: def f(n):
   ...:     a = 0
   ...:     for i in range(n):
   ...:         a += i
   ...:     return a
   ...: 
   ...: cpdef g(int n):
   ...:     cdef long a = 0
   ...:     cdef int i
   ...:     for i in range(n):
   ...:         a += i
   ...:     return a
   ...: 

In [3]: %timeit f(1000000)
10 loops, best of 3: 26.5 ms per loop

In [4]: %timeit g(1000000)
1000 loops, best of 3: 279 µs per loop

which gives a 95 times improvement over the pure-python version. More details on the subject in the official quickstart page.^[19]

Cython is particularly popular among scientific users of Python,^[11][20][21] where it has "the perfect audience" according to Python creator Guido van Rossum.^[22] Of particular note:

• The free software SageMath computer algebra system depends on Cython, both for performance and to interface with other libraries.^[23]
• Significant parts of the scientific computing libraries SciPy, pandas and scikit-learn are written in Cython.^[24][25]
• Some high-traffic websites such as Quora use Cython.^{[better source needed][26]}

Cython's domain is not limited to just numerical computing. For example, the lxml XML toolkit is written mostly in Cython, and like its predecessor Pyrex, Cython is used to provide Python bindings for many C and C++ libraries such as the messaging library ZeroMQ.^[27] Cython can also be used to develop parallel programs for multi-core processor machines; this feature makes use of the OpenMP library.

• PyPy
• Numba
• pybind