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Dynamoterror
Dynamoterror (meaning "powerful terror") is a monospecific genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur from New Mexico that lived during the Late Cretaceous (lower Campanian age, 78 Ma) in what is now the upper Allison Member of the Menefee Formation. The type and only species, Dynamoterror dynastes, is known from a subadult or adult individual about 9 metres (30 feet) long with an incomplete associated skeleton. It was named in 2018 by Andrew T. McDonald, Douglas G. Wolfe and Alton C. Dooley, Jr. Dynamoterror was closely related to Teratophoneus and Lythronax.
In August 2012, a partial skeleton of a tyrannosaurid was discovered and collected from the Lower Campanian Allison Member of the Menefee Formation in the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico. The remains were found by geology students Brian Watkins and Eric Gutiérrez on an expedition led by Andrew McDonald of the Western Science Center, and Douglas Wolfe, the CEO of the Zuni Dinosaur Institute for Geosciences. Subsequent expeditions at the Menefee Formation in 2013 and 2018 did not reveal any additional elements. The specimen was subsequently named and described in 2018 by Andrew T. McDonald, Douglas G. Wolfe, and Alton C. Dooley, Jr. The holotype specimen, UMNH VP 28348, consists of the left and right frontals, fragmentary vertebral centra, fragments of dorsal ribs, right metacarpal II, the supraacetabular crest of the right ilium, phalanx 2 of left pedal digit IV, phalanx 4 of left pedal digit IV, and other unidentifiable bone fragments. The holotype specimen is currently housed at the Natural History Museum of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah.
The generic name, Dynamoterror, is derived from the Greek word "dynamis" (power) and the Latin word "terror". The specific name, dynastes, is derived from the Latin word "dynastēs" (ruler). The binomial name honours "Dynamosaurus imperiosus", a junior synonym of Tyrannosaurus, as it had been a "childhood favourite" of one of the authors.
In 2020, Chan-gyu Yun considered Dynamoterror as a nomen dubium because of the highly fragmentary nature of the holotype specimen and lack of autapomorphies, as two of the original autapomorphies are present in other tyrannosaurids. Additionally, the fragmentary nature of the frontal makes it uncertain whether the autapomorphies are even comparable to other tyrannosaurids.
In 1993, Adrian P. Hunt and Spencer G. Lucas reported tooth fragments and a metatarsal of a tyrannosaurid from the Menefee Formation. In 2006, Lewis et al. reported another tooth fragment. McDonald et al. (2018) suggested that, due to the lack of overlapping material, the previously reported tyrannosaurid material could not be referred to Dynamoterror. In 2018, Sebastian G. Dalman and Spencer G. Lucas described five tyrannosaurid specimens from the Menefee Formation: NMMNH P-8313 (a right anterior scapula), NMMNH P-22133 (a metatarsal II), NMMNH P-61274 (a shaft of an anterior thoracic rib), NMMNH P-71332 (a lateral tooth), and NMMNH P-78032 (a left postorbital).
A more complete specimen of Dynamoterror was identified in 2021, but has not yet been described in detail. It is known as specimen WSC 1027 and is also from the Menefee Formation. A detailed description of this specimen is ongoing as of 2024.
Based on a specimen of a subadult Tyrannosaurus, LACM 23845, the holotype specimen of Dynamoterror had a similar body length of 9 metres (30 feet).
McDonald et al. (2018) originally diagnosed Dynamoterror based on the prefrontonasal and prefrontolacrimal processes being in close proximity to each other, separated only by a shallow notch, and the presence of a subrectangular, concave, laterally-projecting caudal part of the postorbital suture, separated from the rostral part by a deep groove. However, they noted that the second diagnostic trait should be provisional, given the ontogenetic variation observed in the postorbital suture in other tyrannosaurids.
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Dynamoterror
Dynamoterror (meaning "powerful terror") is a monospecific genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur from New Mexico that lived during the Late Cretaceous (lower Campanian age, 78 Ma) in what is now the upper Allison Member of the Menefee Formation. The type and only species, Dynamoterror dynastes, is known from a subadult or adult individual about 9 metres (30 feet) long with an incomplete associated skeleton. It was named in 2018 by Andrew T. McDonald, Douglas G. Wolfe and Alton C. Dooley, Jr. Dynamoterror was closely related to Teratophoneus and Lythronax.
In August 2012, a partial skeleton of a tyrannosaurid was discovered and collected from the Lower Campanian Allison Member of the Menefee Formation in the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico. The remains were found by geology students Brian Watkins and Eric Gutiérrez on an expedition led by Andrew McDonald of the Western Science Center, and Douglas Wolfe, the CEO of the Zuni Dinosaur Institute for Geosciences. Subsequent expeditions at the Menefee Formation in 2013 and 2018 did not reveal any additional elements. The specimen was subsequently named and described in 2018 by Andrew T. McDonald, Douglas G. Wolfe, and Alton C. Dooley, Jr. The holotype specimen, UMNH VP 28348, consists of the left and right frontals, fragmentary vertebral centra, fragments of dorsal ribs, right metacarpal II, the supraacetabular crest of the right ilium, phalanx 2 of left pedal digit IV, phalanx 4 of left pedal digit IV, and other unidentifiable bone fragments. The holotype specimen is currently housed at the Natural History Museum of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah.
The generic name, Dynamoterror, is derived from the Greek word "dynamis" (power) and the Latin word "terror". The specific name, dynastes, is derived from the Latin word "dynastēs" (ruler). The binomial name honours "Dynamosaurus imperiosus", a junior synonym of Tyrannosaurus, as it had been a "childhood favourite" of one of the authors.
In 2020, Chan-gyu Yun considered Dynamoterror as a nomen dubium because of the highly fragmentary nature of the holotype specimen and lack of autapomorphies, as two of the original autapomorphies are present in other tyrannosaurids. Additionally, the fragmentary nature of the frontal makes it uncertain whether the autapomorphies are even comparable to other tyrannosaurids.
In 1993, Adrian P. Hunt and Spencer G. Lucas reported tooth fragments and a metatarsal of a tyrannosaurid from the Menefee Formation. In 2006, Lewis et al. reported another tooth fragment. McDonald et al. (2018) suggested that, due to the lack of overlapping material, the previously reported tyrannosaurid material could not be referred to Dynamoterror. In 2018, Sebastian G. Dalman and Spencer G. Lucas described five tyrannosaurid specimens from the Menefee Formation: NMMNH P-8313 (a right anterior scapula), NMMNH P-22133 (a metatarsal II), NMMNH P-61274 (a shaft of an anterior thoracic rib), NMMNH P-71332 (a lateral tooth), and NMMNH P-78032 (a left postorbital).
A more complete specimen of Dynamoterror was identified in 2021, but has not yet been described in detail. It is known as specimen WSC 1027 and is also from the Menefee Formation. A detailed description of this specimen is ongoing as of 2024.
Based on a specimen of a subadult Tyrannosaurus, LACM 23845, the holotype specimen of Dynamoterror had a similar body length of 9 metres (30 feet).
McDonald et al. (2018) originally diagnosed Dynamoterror based on the prefrontonasal and prefrontolacrimal processes being in close proximity to each other, separated only by a shallow notch, and the presence of a subrectangular, concave, laterally-projecting caudal part of the postorbital suture, separated from the rostral part by a deep groove. However, they noted that the second diagnostic trait should be provisional, given the ontogenetic variation observed in the postorbital suture in other tyrannosaurids.
