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Teratophoneus
Teratophoneus ("monstrous murderer"; Greek: teras, "monster" and phoneus, "murderer") is a genus of tyrannosaurine theropod dinosaur that lived during the late Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous period, (about 76.5 to 75.5 million years ago) in what is now Utah. It contains a single known species, T. curriei, named in honor of paleontologist Philip J. Currie. It is known from an incomplete skull and postcranial skeleton recovered from the Kaiparowits Formation.
Fossils of Teratophoneus were first found in the Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah. Later, fossils from the same formation were discovered and identified as the genus. Argon-argon radiometric dating indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.1 and 74.0 million years ago, during the Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous period. This date means that Teratophoneus lived in the middle of the Campanian age.
Several fossils of Teratophoneus have been found. Originally, Teratophoneus was described based on the holotype specimen BYU 8120. More recently, the specimens UMNH VP 16690 and UMNP VP 16691 have been assigned to it. In 2017, a new specimen of Teratophoneus was discovered in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument and airlifted to the Natural History Museum of Utah in Salt Lake City. Later, in 2021, fossils belonging to 4 or 5 individuals were described in the same study.
Teratophoneus was named by Thomas D. Carr, Thomas E. Williamson, Brooks B. Britt, and Ken Stadtman in 2011. The type and only species was named T. curriei. The generic name is derived from the Greek words teras, meaning "monster", and phoneus, meaning "murderer." The specific name honors Philip J. Currie.
The holotype of Teratophoneus consists of a fragmentary skull and parts of a postcranial skeleton. The fossils were originally assigned to four different individuals, but are probably only of a single subadult animal. The specimen of Teratophoneus was not fully grown. According to an estimate by Carr et al., it was about 6 meters (20 ft) long and 667 kg (1,470 lb). However, this is likely an underestimate. In 2016, Gregory S. Paul gave an estimation of 8 meters (26 ft) long and 2.5 t (2.8 short tons) for the maximum adult size. That same year, Molina-Pérez and Larramendi estimated the size of the holotype at 6.4 meters (21.0 ft) long and 1.15 t (1.27 short tons). In 2021, based on the size of the frontal bone (similar to that of Lythronax), Yun moderated the size of the subadult at approximately 6.1 m (20 ft) long and 1 t (1.1 short tons). That same year, the length of the only known articulated specimen, UMNH VP 21100, was measured at 7.6 m (25 ft) and the maximum adult length of Teratophoneus was estimated at 8.7 m (29 ft).
Compared to the skull of Albertosaurus, Teratophoneus is roughly twenty-three percent shorter in proportion between the lacrimal bone of the antorbital fenestra and the tip of the snout. The skull of Teratophoneus is also comparably deeper. It is unclear if there was a specific reason for these differences, but the extra depth may have allowed for stronger jaw muscles, thus increasing the bite force of Teratophoneus.
Loewen et al. (2013) conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the family Tyrannosauridae and confirmed the assignment of Teratophoneus to the tyrannosaurid subfamily Tyrannosaurinae. They concluded that Teratophoneus was closely related to both Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, but placed it in a more basal position within the family, though it was more derived than Daspletosaurus.
Below is the cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Loewen et al. in 2013.
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Teratophoneus
Teratophoneus ("monstrous murderer"; Greek: teras, "monster" and phoneus, "murderer") is a genus of tyrannosaurine theropod dinosaur that lived during the late Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous period, (about 76.5 to 75.5 million years ago) in what is now Utah. It contains a single known species, T. curriei, named in honor of paleontologist Philip J. Currie. It is known from an incomplete skull and postcranial skeleton recovered from the Kaiparowits Formation.
Fossils of Teratophoneus were first found in the Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah. Later, fossils from the same formation were discovered and identified as the genus. Argon-argon radiometric dating indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.1 and 74.0 million years ago, during the Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous period. This date means that Teratophoneus lived in the middle of the Campanian age.
Several fossils of Teratophoneus have been found. Originally, Teratophoneus was described based on the holotype specimen BYU 8120. More recently, the specimens UMNH VP 16690 and UMNP VP 16691 have been assigned to it. In 2017, a new specimen of Teratophoneus was discovered in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument and airlifted to the Natural History Museum of Utah in Salt Lake City. Later, in 2021, fossils belonging to 4 or 5 individuals were described in the same study.
Teratophoneus was named by Thomas D. Carr, Thomas E. Williamson, Brooks B. Britt, and Ken Stadtman in 2011. The type and only species was named T. curriei. The generic name is derived from the Greek words teras, meaning "monster", and phoneus, meaning "murderer." The specific name honors Philip J. Currie.
The holotype of Teratophoneus consists of a fragmentary skull and parts of a postcranial skeleton. The fossils were originally assigned to four different individuals, but are probably only of a single subadult animal. The specimen of Teratophoneus was not fully grown. According to an estimate by Carr et al., it was about 6 meters (20 ft) long and 667 kg (1,470 lb). However, this is likely an underestimate. In 2016, Gregory S. Paul gave an estimation of 8 meters (26 ft) long and 2.5 t (2.8 short tons) for the maximum adult size. That same year, Molina-Pérez and Larramendi estimated the size of the holotype at 6.4 meters (21.0 ft) long and 1.15 t (1.27 short tons). In 2021, based on the size of the frontal bone (similar to that of Lythronax), Yun moderated the size of the subadult at approximately 6.1 m (20 ft) long and 1 t (1.1 short tons). That same year, the length of the only known articulated specimen, UMNH VP 21100, was measured at 7.6 m (25 ft) and the maximum adult length of Teratophoneus was estimated at 8.7 m (29 ft).
Compared to the skull of Albertosaurus, Teratophoneus is roughly twenty-three percent shorter in proportion between the lacrimal bone of the antorbital fenestra and the tip of the snout. The skull of Teratophoneus is also comparably deeper. It is unclear if there was a specific reason for these differences, but the extra depth may have allowed for stronger jaw muscles, thus increasing the bite force of Teratophoneus.
Loewen et al. (2013) conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the family Tyrannosauridae and confirmed the assignment of Teratophoneus to the tyrannosaurid subfamily Tyrannosaurinae. They concluded that Teratophoneus was closely related to both Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, but placed it in a more basal position within the family, though it was more derived than Daspletosaurus.
Below is the cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Loewen et al. in 2013.