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Eleazar (/ɛliˈeɪzər/; Hebrew: אֶלְעָזָר, Modern: ʾElʿazar, Tiberian: ʾElʿāzār, "El has helped") or Elazar was a priest in the Hebrew Bible, the second High Priest, succeeding his father Aaron after he died.[1] He was a nephew of Moses.

Key Information

Biblical narrative

[edit]

Eleazar played a number of roles during the course of the Exodus, from creating the plating for the altar from the firepans of Korah's assembly,[2] to performing the ritual of the red heifer.[3] After the death of his older brothers Nadab and Abihu, he and his younger brother Ithamar were put in charge of the sanctuary. His wife, a daughter of Putiel, bore him Phinehas, who would eventually succeed him as High Priest of Israel.

Leviticus 10:16–18 recounts Moses's anger towards Eleazar and Ithamar for not eating a sin offering inside the Tabernacle, which violated the regulations outlined for priests in earlier chapters of Leviticus.

During the Exodus, as the Israelites journeyed through the wilderness, Eleazar was in charge of carrying several important items: the oil for the lampstand, the sweet incense, the daily grain offering, and the anointing oil. Additionally, he oversaw the transportation of the Ark of the Covenant, the table for showbread, the altar, and other tabernacle fittings. These items were transported by the Kohathites of clan Levi.[4] Following the rebellion against Moses's leadership recorded in Numbers 16, Eleazar was charged with taking the rebels' bronze censers and hammering them into a covering for the altar, acting as a reminder of Korah’s failed rebellion and the restriction of the Jewish priesthood to the Aaronites.[5]

On Mount Hor, he was clothed with the sacred vestments, which Moses had taken from Aaron and placed upon Eleazar as successor to the high priest's office before Aaron's death.[6] Eleazar held the office of high priest for over twenty years. He took part with Moses in numbering the people and assisted at the inauguration of Joshua.

He assisted in the distribution of the land after the conquest.[7] When he died, he "was buried at Gibeah, which had been allotted to his son Phinehas in the hill country of Ephraim".[8] The Hill of Phinehas[9] related in the Hebrew Bible is associated with the location of the village of Awarta in the Samarian section of the current day West Bank.

The high priesthood remained in the family of Eleazar until the time of Eli, into whose family it passed. Eli was a descendant of Ithamar, Eleazar's brother.[10] The high priesthood was restored to the family of Eleazar—in the person of Zadok—after Abiathar was cast out by Solomon.[11]

According to Jewish tradition, Eleazar was buried in Awarta.[12][13][14]

Commemorations

[edit]

Eleazar is commemorated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church on September 2, and as one of the Holy Forefathers in the Calendar of Saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 30.[citation needed]

Other biblical figures named Eleazar

[edit]

Five other men named Eleazar are briefly mentioned in the Hebrew Bible:

In the Gospel of Matthew, another Eleazar, the son of Eliud, is listed in the genealogy of Jesus as the great-grandfather of Joseph, husband of Mary.

Patrilineal ancestry

[edit]
Patrilineal descent
  1. Abraham
  2. Isaac
  3. Jacob
  4. Levi
  5. Kehath
  6. Amram
  7. Aaron

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Eleazar

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Eleazar (Hebrew: אֶלְעָזָר, romanized: ʾElʿāzār; meaning " has helped") was a of ancient and the third son of , the inaugural high priest appointed by during the ' exodus from . Born to and , daughter of of the , Eleazar had three brothers—Nadab, Abihu, and —and a son named , who later became a prominent . As detailed in the Book of Numbers, Eleazar succeeded his father as high priest following Aaron's death on Mount Hor, near the border of Edom, where Moses transferred Aaron's priestly garments to him in a public ceremony before the Israelite community; the people mourned Aaron for thirty days thereafter. In this role, Eleazar oversaw critical religious duties during the wilderness period, including the supervision of the Levites' transportation of the Tabernacle and its sacred furnishings, such as the oil for the lamps, the fragrant incense, and the ongoing grain offerings and sacrifices. He also collaborated with Moses to conduct a second census of the Israelite fighting men and tribes in the plains of Moab, numbering over 600,000 able-bodied men as they prepared to enter the Promised Land. Eleazar's leadership extended to resolving crises, such as after the rebellion led by , , and Abiram, when he was instructed to collect and repurpose the bronze censers of the 250 rebels—plating them onto the altar as a perpetual reminder of the sanctity of the priesthood. His tenure as bridged the transition from the desert generation to the conquest era, and his death at an advanced age is recorded in the , after which he was buried in in the hill country of , given to his son . Through Phinehas, Eleazar's lineage maintained the Aaronic priesthood, emphasizing themes of divine covenant and priestly fidelity central to Israelite religious identity.

Primary Biblical Figure

Early Life and Family

Eleazar was born as the third son of Aaron, the first high priest of Israel, and his wife Elisheba during the period of the Exodus from Egypt. Aaron and Elisheba had four sons in total: Nadab as the firstborn, followed by Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. As members of the tribe of Levi, specifically the Kohathite clan, Eleazar and his family were divinely selected for priestly service at Mount Sinai, where God instructed Moses to consecrate Aaron and his sons to minister as priests. This Levitical heritage positioned them as caretakers of the Tabernacle and its sacred rites amid the Israelites' wilderness journey. Elisheba, Eleazar's mother, was the daughter of Amminadab and sister of Nahshon, the prince of the tribe of Judah, thereby forging a marital alliance between the Levites and the prominent Judahite lineage. This connection highlighted the inter-tribal bonds essential to Israel's communal structure during the formative desert years. Eleazar's early life unfolded in the nomadic encampments of the wilderness, where the family resided following the revelation at Sinai. A pivotal moment in Eleazar's upbringing occurred during the consecration ceremony at the Tabernacle's entrance, where , under divine command, anointed and his sons, including Eleazar, with sacred oil and blood to formally induct them into priestly duties. This ritual, involving offerings and seven-day seclusion, marked their transition from ordinary Levites to anointed servants of God, setting the foundation for Eleazar's future role in the priesthood.

Role in Key Events

Eleazar played a pivotal role in the reorganization of Levitical duties following the deaths of his brothers , assuming oversight of the 's transport and maintenance during the Israelites' wilderness wanderings. As chief over the leaders of the Levites, he supervised those responsible for guarding the , ensuring its sanctity amid the clan's movements. His specific responsibilities included managing the oil for the lamps, the fragrant incense, the continual grain offerings, the anointing oil, and the entirety of the with its holy furnishings, tasks critical for the portable worship structure's preservation and operation. In priestly rituals addressing communal suspicions, Eleazar contributed to the oversight of the trial by ordeal for suspected adultery, known as the law of jealousy, where the priest prepared and administered the bitter water mixed with sacred elements to reveal divine judgment on the accused woman. This process, involving the writing of curses, the waving of a grain offering, and the drinking of the concoction, fell under the administrative purview of the chief priest like Eleazar, reinforcing communal purity and trust in Yahweh's justice. During the aftermath of Korah's rebellion, which challenged the Aaronic priesthood and led to the rebels' destruction by earthquake and fire, Eleazar was directly tasked with purifying the site by collecting the 250 bronze censers used in the uprising. God instructed Moses to command Eleazar to remove these holy objects from the charred remains, scatter their coals, and repurpose the metal into altar overlay sheets as a perpetual sign to Israel of the priesthood's exclusivity and the peril of unauthorized approach to the sacred. This intervention by Eleazar helped restore order and affirmed the Levites' role in sanctuary service. The ensuing miracle, where Aaron's staff budded, blossomed, and produced almonds overnight among the tribal leaders' staffs, further validated the priestly line, with Eleazar supporting these confirmatory rites as Aaron's deputy. In the crisis of idolatry at Baal Peor, where yoked themselves to the Moabite god and engaged in immorality, triggering a plague that killed 24,000, Eleazar's family was central to resolution through his son 's decisive action. , under divine command, ordered the judges to execute the perpetrators, but Phinehas—acting with zealous intervention by spearing an Israelite man and Midianite woman in the act—halted the plague and earned Yahweh's commendation for mirroring divine jealousy. Eleazar, as Phinehas's father and the presiding priestly figure, participated in the leadership response during this period of national mourning and purification, which underscored the consequences of and secured a covenant of perpetual priesthood for his lineage. Eleazar's involvement extended to the military campaign against the Midianites, ordered by as vengeance for the Baal Peor seduction. After the , led by 12,000 warriors under , captured the Midianite women, children, and spoils, these were presented to and Eleazar at the camp on the . Eleazar advised on post-battle purification, directing the soldiers to cleanse metallic spoils—, silver, , iron, tin, and lead—through fire and expiatory water to remove ritual impurity. Collaborating with and the community heads, he oversaw the equitable division of the plunder: half to the warriors and half to the non-combatants, with one-five-hundredth of the warriors' share allocated as tribute to under Eleazar, and one-fiftieth of the civilians' portion to the Levites. The officers, in gratitude for no losses in battle, voluntarily offered articles weighing over 400 shekels, which Eleazar received and placed before the in the as a memorial.

High Priesthood and Duties

Eleazar succeeded his father as high priest following 's death on , as commanded by to . In this ritual of transition, took and Eleazar up the mountain, where 's priestly garments were removed and placed on Eleazar, symbolizing the transfer of authority; then died there at age 123, and the assembly mourned him for thirty days. This event marked Eleazar's formal ascension, establishing him as the second in Israelite history and the leader of the priestly order during the remainder of the period. In his role as high priest, Eleazar oversaw the organization and census of the Levitical divisions among the Israelites during their wanderings. He collaborated with Moses to conduct a census of the Israelite men aged twenty and upward who were able to go to war (totaling 601,730), with the Levites counted separately as 23,000 males from one month old and upward. Eleazar also participated prominently in communal leadership, standing alongside Moses, the priest Eleazar son of Aaron, and the leaders before the assembly of Israel to address matters of inheritance and tribal representation. A key judicial responsibility of Eleazar involved adjudicating the case of the , which set important precedents for inheritance rights among the tribes. The five daughters—Mahlah, , Hoglah, Milkah, and Tirzah—approached , Eleazar the priest, the leaders, and the whole assembly at the entrance to the tent of meeting to claim their father's portion in the land, as Zelophehad had died without sons. directed to grant their request, ruling that daughters should inherit if there were no sons, with provisions for marrying within their tribe to preserve tribal allotments; this decision was later reinforced when the raised concerns, leading to the stipulation that such heiresses marry within their father's tribe. Eleazar's involvement underscored the high priest's authority in interpreting and applying to social and familial issues. Eleazar's duties as encompassed strict guidelines for personal conduct, ceremonial purity, and oversight of sacred offerings to maintain the holiness of the priesthood. He was prohibited from defiling himself through contact with the dead, except for close relatives, and required to marry only a virgin from his own people to preserve the sanctity of his lineage and office. Additionally, Eleazar bore primary responsibility for the portions of offerings given to and his sons, including the regulation of grain offerings, sin offerings, and guilt offerings, as well as ensuring the purity of the and its service. Upon entering the Promised Land, Eleazar coordinated the division of territory among the tribes, exercising his priestly authority in partnership with Joshua. Together with Joshua son of Nun and a leader from each tribe, Eleazar cast lots for the land distribution as directed by the Lord through Moses, ensuring equitable allotments according to tribal size and inheritance claims. He also affirmed the inheritance rights of Zelophehad's daughters in this process, integrating prior legal precedents into the settlement of Canaan.

Death and Legacy

Eleazar, the and son of , died after the had entered and begun settling the , following the death of . According to the biblical account, his death marked the end of a significant era in Israelite leadership. He was buried at , a site allotted to his son in the hill country of . Upon Eleazar's death, his son succeeded him as , ensuring the continuity of the Aaronic priesthood into the period of the judges. This succession is reflected in the narrative of the civil conflict with the , where is described as standing before the to inquire on behalf of . Eleazar's legacy is rooted in his pivotal role bridging the era of wanderings and divine lawgiving with the era of conquest and land settlement, where he collaborated with in dividing the territory among the tribes to establish stable communal structures. His faithful oversight of priestly duties during these transitions stabilized the religious leadership post-Exodus, preserving the covenantal order amid the trials faced by the emerging nation.

Other Biblical Figures

Eleazar Son of Abinadab

Eleazar, son of Abinadab, was a resident of Kiriath-jearim, a town in the territory of Judah, who was selected to guard the Ark of the Covenant after its return from Philistine captivity. Following the incident at Beth-shemesh where some men died for improperly handling the Ark, the people of Kiriath-jearim retrieved it and brought it to the house of Abinadab on the hill, consecrating his son Eleazar specifically for this custodial role. The family of Abinadab maintained custody of the Ark at their home for over twenty years, during which time it remained stationary while experienced spiritual decline and later renewal under the prophet . This period marked a significant interim in the Ark's history, as it was not transported to a central but instead housed in a private Judean residence, highlighting the decentralized nature of Israelite worship at the time. The Ark's stay concluded when King David arranged for its retrieval to , involving other sons of Abinadab, and Ahio, in the procession. Unlike the Eleazar, son of , who held official Levitical priesthood duties, this Eleazar operated in a non-priestly, lay context as a consecrated guardian without explicit tribal affiliation mentioned in the biblical account. His role underscores the exceptional circumstances surrounding the Ark's temporary safekeeping outside traditional priestly oversight.

Eleazar Son of Dodo

Eleazar son of Dodo, also known as Eleazar son of Dodai, the Ahohite, was a prominent in King David's elite forces, recognized as one of the three chief mighty men among the Thirty. His father, Dodo (or Dodai), hailed from the clan of Ahoah in the , distinguishing him from the Levitical priestly figures sharing his name who belonged to the . Eleazar's most celebrated exploit occurred during a battle against the at Pas Dammim (also called Ephes-dammim), where he stood alongside and another mighty man, Josheb-basshebeth, as the enemy forces gathered for combat. When the Israelite troops fled in retreat, Eleazar alone held his ground, defying the and engaging them in fierce combat. He wielded his sword relentlessly, striking down numerous foes until his hand grew weary and froze to the hilt from exhaustion. The granted a great victory to that day through Eleazar's steadfast valor, turning the tide of the battle despite the initial . This heroic stand exemplified Eleazar's role in David's elite guard, underscoring the personal bravery that bolstered the early monarchy's military prowess amid ongoing Philistine conflicts. His inclusion among the top three warriors highlighted his exceptional loyalty and combat skill, contributing to David's consolidation of power in Judah and beyond.

Other Minor References

In the post-exilic period, Eleazar son of Parosh is listed among the who had taken foreign wives and agreed to divorce them during 's reforms. Among the Merarite Levites organized by David for temple service, Eleazar son of Mahli is noted as having no sons but only daughters, whose inheritance rights prompted their marriage to the sons of Kish to preserve the family line within the tribe. In apocryphal texts, an Eleazar, surnamed Avaran, appears as one of the five sons of Mattathias, the priest who initiated the Maccabean Revolt against Seleucid oppression; this figure is distinct from canonical biblical persons but reflects the name's use in Second Temple Judaism, though 1 Maccabees is not part of the Protestant canon.

Religious and Cultural Significance

In Judaism

In rabbinic literature, Eleazar is frequently portrayed as a paragon of piety and steadfast leadership, particularly in his role as high priest following Aaron's death. The Talmud in Bava Batra 15a attributes to Eleazar and his son Phinehas the completion of the Book of Joshua, underscoring his scholarly and authoritative contributions to sacred texts beyond his biblical duties. Discussions of priestly succession highlight Eleazar's elevation as the model for halakhic continuity, as seen in the Mishnah's Horayot 3:4, which delineates the responsibilities of the anointed high priest—distinguishing the role filled by oil anointing, as Eleazar was, from later consecrations by garments alone—emphasizing the enduring significance of his lineage in maintaining ritual authority. Eleazar's legacy is commemorated in Jewish through the annual cycle, notably in Parashat Pinchas (Numbers 25:10–30:1), which recounts events tied to Numbers 25 and explicitly references him as Phinehas's father in the context of divine covenant and priestly zeal. This parasha, read weekly in synagogues, includes the haftarah from :1–2:3 when it falls after the 17th of Tammuz as the first of readings, linking prophetic commissioning to themes of priestly fidelity exemplified by Eleazar's family; otherwise, the haftarah is from 1 Kings 18:46–19:21. Such readings typically occur in the summer months (around Tammuz), following festivals like in that celebrate and covenant. Midrashic literature expands on Eleazar's oversight of purity laws, portraying him as a vigilant guardian of the sanctuary's sanctity. In Numbers Rabbah 4:20, he is depicted as exemplifying and devotion in priestly service, free from the haughtiness that led to his brothers' downfall, while his biblical charge over sacred oils and vessels (Numbers 4:16) is interpreted as ensuring ritual purity amid communal trials. These expansions emphasize conceptual themes of faithful adherence to halakhah over mere ritual performance. Modern Jewish scholarship views Eleazar as an archetype of obedient and humble , unmarred by rebuke in biblical narratives, serving as a foil to the sins of and a bridge to 's era. Scholars highlight his administrative prowess in land allotments ( 14–19), interpreting it as stabilizing priestly influence post-Exodus. His death at an advanced age is recorded in 24:33, with burial in in the hill country of , given to his son .

In Christianity and Other Traditions

In , the high priesthood of Eleazar, as Aaron's successor, typifies the imperfect and temporary Aaronic order that foreshadows Christ's eternal high priesthood in the order of , as elaborated in 7–8, where the Levitical system is contrasted with ' unchanging mediation. This typological interpretation highlights Eleazar's role in maintaining covenant faithfulness amid Israel's wilderness trials, pointing to Christ's superior fulfillment of priestly intercession and atonement. Eleazar is venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church as a righteous saint and the second high priest of Israel, commemorated on September 2 alongside his son Phinehas for their exemplary service in upholding divine worship. This recognition underscores his fidelity to Mosaic law and priestly duties during the transition from the wilderness to the Promised Land. Depictions of Eleazar appear in medieval Christian illuminated manuscripts, often in scenes from the Book of Numbers illustrating the Tabernacle's construction and the transfer of Aaron's garments to him as high priest, symbolizing sacred continuity. For instance, such illustrations in 13th-century Bibles portray Eleazar overseeing Levitical arrangements, emphasizing themes of ritual purity and divine order. In Islamic traditions, Eleazar is acknowledged indirectly as part of Aaron's (Harun's) prophetic kin through references to the priestly descendants of Aaron among the Children of Israel, maintaining the line of spiritual leadership post-Exodus. Similarly, Samaritan texts stress Eleazar's succession to Aaron's high priesthood as the foundation of unbroken priestly continuity on Mount Gerizim, preserving authentic Israelite worship against rival claims.

Genealogy and Ancestry

Patrilineal Lineage

Eleazar, the third son of , belonged to the patrilineal lineage of the Levitical priesthood, descending directly from , the third son of . According to Exodus 6:16-20, Levi fathered Kohath, who begat ; Amram then fathered (along with and their sister ), establishing the foundational male line for the priestly order within the . This descent underscored the exclusive hereditary nature of the priesthood, confined to Levi's descendants through unblemished male succession. The complete genealogy of this priestly line is detailed in 1 Chronicles 6:1-15, tracing from Levi to Kohath, , , and onward through Eleazar's direct male heirs: Eleazar begat , who fathered Abishua, followed by Bukki, Uzzi, Zerahiah, Meraioth, , Ahitub, , Ahimaaz, , Johanan, another (who served in ), , another Ahitub, another , Shallum, , another , , and finally Jehozadak, who was exiled by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BCE. This chain highlights the continuity of the Aaronide priesthood, with Eleazar's branch—known as the Zadokites after —emerging as the dominant line for high priestly succession. Following the Babylonian exile and the restoration of the Second Temple around 516 BCE, the Zadokite descendants of Eleazar maintained hereditary control over the high priesthood throughout the Persian and Hellenistic periods, as evidenced by figures like Joshua ben Jehozadak and his successors. This continuity persisted until the Hasmonean revolt in the 2nd century BCE, when the Seleucid-appointed high priests were overthrown, and Jonathan Apphus (a Hasmonean) was installed as high priest in 152 BCE, disrupting the traditional Zadokite patriline by introducing non-Zadokite rulers who combined priestly and royal authority. Biblical texts emphasize the requirement for the high priesthood to pass strictly through unblemished patrilineal descent, prohibiting physical defects or improper marriages that could compromise ritual purity, as stipulated in Leviticus 21:10-15 for the and Numbers 3:10 for priestly inheritance. This principle ensured the validity and sanctity of the office within Eleazar's lineage.

Tribal and Familial Connections

Eleazar, the son of , married an unnamed daughter of Putiel, who became the mother of his son , thereby establishing a direct link to the priestly lineage through this union. Eleazar's descendants formed the Eleazarite branch of the Kohathite Levites, one of the primary divisions within the responsible for priestly duties. This group was organized into family heads for temple service, with sixteen leaders from Eleazar's line compared to eight from his brother Ithamar's, reflecting their prominent role in the rotations established under King . The priestly descendants of , including the Eleazarites, received thirteen cities for their inheritance from the tribes of Judah, , and Benjamin, including , Libnah, Jattir, Eshtemoa, , Debir, , Juttah, Beth Shemesh, Gibeon, Geba, , and Almon, along with their surrounding pasturelands. These assignments underscored the integration of the priestly families into the broader tribal structure of . Eleazar's familial ties extended to interactions with the from the Manassite clan, as they petitioned him, , and the leaders for inheritance rights, leading to divine rulings that required such heiresses to marry within their ancestral to preserve tribal land allocations and integrate these lines without dilution. Within the Aaronide priesthood, the family divided into Eleazarite and Ithamarite branches, with service duties apportioned accordingly to maintain order in the and later temple, ensuring that Eleazar's descendants held a leading position in the sacred rotations.

References

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