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Erivan Khanate
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Erivan Khanate
The Erivan Khanate (Persian: خانات ایروان, romanized: Khānāt-e Iravān), also known as Chokhur-e Sa'd, was a khanate (i.e., province) that was established in Afsharid Iran in the 18th century. It covered an area of roughly 19,500 km2, and corresponded to most of present-day central Armenia, the Iğdır Province and the Kars Province's Kağızman district in present-day Turkey and the Sharur and Sadarak districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of present-day Azerbaijan.
Following the death of Nader Shah in 1747, Iranian authority over the territories north of the Aras River was greatly weakened, and the Erivan Khanate became a tributary of King Heraclius II of Georgia. This arrangement persisted after Karim Khan Zand nominally restored Iranian authority in the South Caucasus. The Georgian king attacked the khanate multiple times when the khan attempted to avoid paying tribute. Like some of the other khans of the Caucasus, Mohammad Khan of Erivan sought to make contact with Russia after 1783, when Georgia became a Russian protectorate. In 1794–95, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar campaigned to restore central authority in the region and received the submission of the khan of Erivan.
The provincial capital of Erivan was a center of the Iranian defenses in the Caucasus during the Russo-Iranian Wars of the 19th century. As a result of the Iranian defeat in the last Russo-Iranian War, it was occupied by Russian troops in 1827 and then ceded to the Russian Empire in 1828 in accordance with the Treaty of Turkmenchay. Immediately following this, the territories of the former Erivan Khanate and the neighboring Nakhchivan Khanate were merged to form the Armenian Oblast of the Russian Empire.
Under Iranian rule, the kings (shahs) appointed various governors to preside over their domains, thus creating an administrative center. These governors usually carried the title of khan or beglarbeg, as well as the title of sardar ("chief"). Prior to the establishment of the khanate (i.e., province), the Iranians had used the Erivan Province (also known as Chokhur-e Sa'd) to govern roughly the same area. Both the Safavid-era province and the administrative entity of the Zand and Qajar eras were alternatively known by the name of Chokhur-e Sa'd.
The khans of Erivan enjoyed greater powers during their period of semi-independence from 1747 to 1795. Nominally, the khans were confirmed in their position by the Georgian king, to whom they paid tribute (see below), although in fact the office of khan had become hereditary. According to historian V. R. Grigoryan, in the second half of the 18th century the khans of Erivan "had almost royal powers", having taken control of all of the former divan lands (state lands administered by the chancery). Additonally, the tribute paid to the Georgian king was smaller than the taxes which had previously been paid to the shahs. However, another source cites the Armenian catholicos Simeon's statement made in 1765 that the khanate was obligated to pay heavy taxes both to the Zand ruler Karim Khan and to the Georgian king.
In the Qajar era, members of the royal Qajar dynasty were appointed as governors of the Erivan Khanate, until the Russian occupation in 1828. The heads of the provincial government of the Erivan Khanate were thus directly related to the central ruling dynasty. Administratively, the khanate was divided into fifteen administrative districts called mahals with Persian as its official language. The local bureaucracy was modeled on that of the central government, located in Tehran.
Together with the Nakchivan Khanate, the area made up part of Iranian Armenia (also known as Persian Armenia). The Erivan Khanate made up the bulk of Iranian Armenia. The remaining fringes of historic Armenia under Iranian rule were part of the khanates of Karabakh and Ganja as well as the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti.
After recovering the Iranian territories in the Caucasus from the Ottomans in 1735, Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747) organized the region into four khanates: Erivan, Nakhchivan (formerly a part of Chokhur-e Sa'd), Karabakh, and Ganja. According to the Armenian catholicos and historian Abraham III (r. 1734–1737), at the time of Nader's coronation at the Mughan plain the khan of Erivan was Mohammad Qoli (a Muslim of Armenian origin), who had been appointed by Tahmasp II (r. 1722–1732); but Nader soon appointed Pir Mohammad Khan from Herat as Khan of Erivan. Another contemporary source says that Nader appointed a trusted captain from his own bodyguard, Mohammad Reza Beg Khorasani, as governor of Erivan.
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Erivan Khanate
The Erivan Khanate (Persian: خانات ایروان, romanized: Khānāt-e Iravān), also known as Chokhur-e Sa'd, was a khanate (i.e., province) that was established in Afsharid Iran in the 18th century. It covered an area of roughly 19,500 km2, and corresponded to most of present-day central Armenia, the Iğdır Province and the Kars Province's Kağızman district in present-day Turkey and the Sharur and Sadarak districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of present-day Azerbaijan.
Following the death of Nader Shah in 1747, Iranian authority over the territories north of the Aras River was greatly weakened, and the Erivan Khanate became a tributary of King Heraclius II of Georgia. This arrangement persisted after Karim Khan Zand nominally restored Iranian authority in the South Caucasus. The Georgian king attacked the khanate multiple times when the khan attempted to avoid paying tribute. Like some of the other khans of the Caucasus, Mohammad Khan of Erivan sought to make contact with Russia after 1783, when Georgia became a Russian protectorate. In 1794–95, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar campaigned to restore central authority in the region and received the submission of the khan of Erivan.
The provincial capital of Erivan was a center of the Iranian defenses in the Caucasus during the Russo-Iranian Wars of the 19th century. As a result of the Iranian defeat in the last Russo-Iranian War, it was occupied by Russian troops in 1827 and then ceded to the Russian Empire in 1828 in accordance with the Treaty of Turkmenchay. Immediately following this, the territories of the former Erivan Khanate and the neighboring Nakhchivan Khanate were merged to form the Armenian Oblast of the Russian Empire.
Under Iranian rule, the kings (shahs) appointed various governors to preside over their domains, thus creating an administrative center. These governors usually carried the title of khan or beglarbeg, as well as the title of sardar ("chief"). Prior to the establishment of the khanate (i.e., province), the Iranians had used the Erivan Province (also known as Chokhur-e Sa'd) to govern roughly the same area. Both the Safavid-era province and the administrative entity of the Zand and Qajar eras were alternatively known by the name of Chokhur-e Sa'd.
The khans of Erivan enjoyed greater powers during their period of semi-independence from 1747 to 1795. Nominally, the khans were confirmed in their position by the Georgian king, to whom they paid tribute (see below), although in fact the office of khan had become hereditary. According to historian V. R. Grigoryan, in the second half of the 18th century the khans of Erivan "had almost royal powers", having taken control of all of the former divan lands (state lands administered by the chancery). Additonally, the tribute paid to the Georgian king was smaller than the taxes which had previously been paid to the shahs. However, another source cites the Armenian catholicos Simeon's statement made in 1765 that the khanate was obligated to pay heavy taxes both to the Zand ruler Karim Khan and to the Georgian king.
In the Qajar era, members of the royal Qajar dynasty were appointed as governors of the Erivan Khanate, until the Russian occupation in 1828. The heads of the provincial government of the Erivan Khanate were thus directly related to the central ruling dynasty. Administratively, the khanate was divided into fifteen administrative districts called mahals with Persian as its official language. The local bureaucracy was modeled on that of the central government, located in Tehran.
Together with the Nakchivan Khanate, the area made up part of Iranian Armenia (also known as Persian Armenia). The Erivan Khanate made up the bulk of Iranian Armenia. The remaining fringes of historic Armenia under Iranian rule were part of the khanates of Karabakh and Ganja as well as the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti.
After recovering the Iranian territories in the Caucasus from the Ottomans in 1735, Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747) organized the region into four khanates: Erivan, Nakhchivan (formerly a part of Chokhur-e Sa'd), Karabakh, and Ganja. According to the Armenian catholicos and historian Abraham III (r. 1734–1737), at the time of Nader's coronation at the Mughan plain the khan of Erivan was Mohammad Qoli (a Muslim of Armenian origin), who had been appointed by Tahmasp II (r. 1722–1732); but Nader soon appointed Pir Mohammad Khan from Herat as Khan of Erivan. Another contemporary source says that Nader appointed a trusted captain from his own bodyguard, Mohammad Reza Beg Khorasani, as governor of Erivan.
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