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Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia
Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia
Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia
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Frederick VI of Hohenstaufen (February 1167 – 20 January 1191) was Duke of Swabia from 1170 until his death at the siege of Acre.[1]

Key Information

Life

[edit]

Frederick VI of Hohenstaufen was born in Modigliana in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna. He was the third son of Frederick Barbarossa and Beatrice I of Burgundy.[2] Originally named Conrad, he took the name of Frederick after the death of his eldest brother Duke Frederick V of Swabia in 1170.[3][4] He also succeeded him as duke of Swabia.[5]

In the older literature, Conrad/Frederick VI's older brother and predecessor Duke Frederick V of Swabia was partly overlooked,[6] because he was thought to be identical to Conrad/Frederick VI,[7] and for this reason he was not counted as Frederick VI but as Frederick V. The fact that a younger brother born in 1172, the later Conrad II, Duke of Swabia, was given the name Conrad creates additional confusion when identifying these three sons of Frederick Barbarossa.

Frederick Barbarossa appointed the noble Degenhard von Hellenstein as Prokurator (Governor) for the Duchy of Swabia while his son was underage.[8] In 1179 the emperor granted to Frederick VI, in addition to the Duchy of Swabia, some areas acquired in Upper Swabia and Bavaria on the basis of contracts of inheritance with Welf VI and Count Rudolf of Pfullendorf.[9] For the first a lion was found on a Hohenstaufen coat of arms in a seal of Frederick VI dated around 1181.[10][11] This design was in also in a 1220 seal of Duke Henry of Swabia, later Staufen King Henry (VII) of Germany. The extended version of this seal with a three-lion crest was currently part of the Coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg.

In 1181, Frederick VI was betrothed to a seven-years-old daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark, whose identity is uncertain. After the brother of the bride and new King Canute VI of Denmark refused to give half of her dowry, the emperor decided to send the princess (who had been living in Germany for five years at the time in preparation for her marriage) back to Denmark in 1187 still a virgin (lat: intacta). The Danish princess could be Ingeborg —whose assumed birth year was around 1175 and would fit with the repudiated child bride—, who later had an unhappy marriage with King Philip II of France.[12]

At the Diet of Pentecost in Mainz on 20 May 1184, Frederick VI, together with his brother King Henry VI of Germany personally received the accolade from their father. The emperor's sons and many princes, who followed their example and did not want to be inferior to them in this respect, gave the knights and minstrels gifts in the form of horses, precious clothes, gold and silver. This was followed by a riding event called gyrum, at which the knights showed their skills in swinging shields, banners and lances. Among the alleged 20,000 participants were the emperor and his sons. The next day the riding events continued. In the following week fighting games were to take place in Ingelheim. However, a storm caused several tents and the wooden church to collapse and also caused deaths among the celebrants. This was interpreted as a divine sign and the celebration was not continued.

On 27 March 1188, Frederick VI made a solemn oath to join his father on the Third Crusade. On 11 May 1189, he set out with the Crusader army from Regensburg. In his journey he arrived to the Kingdom of Hungary, where he was betrothed to Constance, a daughter of King Béla III, an ally of Barbarossa.[13] Frederick VI's early death in the Crusade prevented the marriage from proceeding; some years later, in 1198, Constance became in the second wife of King Ottokar I of Bohemia.

As part of his father's army, Frederick VI commanded the van while Barbarossa commanded the rearguard.[14] Upon hearing his father's troops were under attack, he rushed back on horseback with his troops to reinforce them.[14] However, he also had an important role at both the Battle of Philomelion and Battle of Iconium in May 1190. Following his father's death on 10 June 1190 in the Saleph River in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Frederick VI took command of the German forces and led them south towards Antioch.[15] Although a large number of the Crusaders left the army and sailed from Antioch to their homeland, Frederick VI wanted to move to Jerusalem with his remaining army. In Tripoli, a large part of his companions became ill on malaria, which is why only around 700 knights arrived with him in early October 1190 to besiege the city of Acre.[15] While at Acre, Frederick VI wrote his brother, Henry VI, asking for him to gain papal recognition for the hospital at Acre.[2] Having also been stricken with malaria, Frederick VI died on 20 January 1191 and was buried in Acre.[16] Due to Acre remaining occupied by Saladin's troops at that time, the remaining crusaders were unable to enter the city and left the Holy Land after Frederick VI's death.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
  • Baaken, Gerhard (1968). "Die Altersfolge der Söhne Friedrich Barbarossas und die Königserhebung Heinrichs VI". Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters (in German). Vol. 24. pp. 46–78.
  • Decker-Hauff, Hansmartin (1977). "Das Staufische Haus". Württembergisches Landesmuseum (Hrsg.): Die Zeit der Staufer. Geschichte - Kunst - Kultur.. Vol. III. Stuttgart. pp. 339–374.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Engels, Odilo (1998). Die Staufer (in German). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. ISBN 3-17-015157-6. OCLC 31801217.
  • Hosler, John D. (2018). The siege of Acre, 1189-1191 : Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the battle that decided the Third Crusade. New Haven. ISBN 978-0-300-23535-7. OCLC 1041140126.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Maurer, Helmut (1978). Der Herzog von Schwaben. Grundlagen, Wirkungen und Wesen seiner Herrschaft in ottonischer, salischer und staufischer Zeit. Sigmaringen. pp. 268–300.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Nicholson, Helen J. (2004). Medieval warfare : theory and practice of war in Europe, 300-1500. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-4386-9. OCLC 191933340.
  • Paul Friedrich von Stälin (1878). "Friedrich V., Herzog von Schwaben" . Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 8. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. p. 35.
  • Hansmartin Schwarzmaier (1961). "Friedrich V". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 5. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 590–591. (.html full text online).
  • Hansmartin Schwarzmaier (1989). "Friedrich V. (Konrad), Herzog von Schwaben (1167–1191)". Lexikon des Mittelalters, IV: Erzkanzler bis Hiddensee (in German). Stuttgart and Weimar: J. B. Metzler. col. 960–961. ISBN 3-7608-8904-2.
  • Sterns, Indrikis (1985). "The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States". In Zacour, Norman P.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. Vol. V. The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Weller, Tobias (2004). Die Heiratspolitik des deutschen Hochadels im 12. Jahrhundert (in German). Köln. pp. 100–102 and 130–136.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia

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Frederick VI of (February 1167 – 20 January 1191) was a member of the imperial dynasty who ruled as from 1170 until his death during the Third Crusade. The youngest son of Frederick I Barbarossa and his second wife, , he was born in Modigliana amid his father's campaigns in northern Italy and originally named Conrad before assuming the ducal name Frederick upon succeeding his elder brother, Frederick V, who died in infancy. As duke, Frederick VI maintained the Hohenstaufen hold on Swabia, a strategic encompassing much of southwestern , though his minority and subsequent focus on imperial affairs limited independent initiatives in regional governance. His defining role came during the Third Crusade (1189–1192), launched in response to Saladin's capture of in 1187; Barbarossa appointed him to command the army's vanguard, positioning him as second-in-command of the largest crusading force assembled. After the emperor drowned while crossing the Saleph River in in June 1190, Frederick VI rallied the demoralized remnants—reduced by desertions, disease, and battles—assuming overall leadership and directing their march through . Under his command, the Germans decisively defeated Seljuk forces at the Battle of Iconium in May 1190, securing a vital supply route and demonstrating tactical resilience despite logistical hardships. Continuing southward, he navigated alliances with local Armenian rulers and reached Antioch by October 1190 before joining of Acre, where his contingent bolstered the Christian besiegers against Saladin's relief efforts. Frederick VI died at Acre in January 1191, likely from or wounds sustained in assaults on the city, depriving the crusade of a key imperial figure and shifting remaining German leadership to lesser nobles. His perseverance ensured a fraction of Barbarossa's host contributed to Acre's fall in July 1191, though the expedition ultimately failed to reclaim , highlighting the perils of overland crusading routes.

Origins and Family

Birth and Parentage

Frederick VI of Swabia, born Konrad, entered the world in February 1167 in Modigliana, a locality in the region of . This birth coincided with Frederick I Barbarossa's military engagements in against the Italian communes, reflecting the peripatetic nature of imperial rule during his reign. He was the third son of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (c. 1122–1190), a scion of the family who had secured the Swabian ducal title through inheritance and election as in 1152, and Beatrice I (c. 1143–1184), daughter and heiress of Renaud III, of , whom Barbarossa had married in 1156 to consolidate imperial holdings in the west. Beatrice's included significant Burgundian territories, enhancing the 's strategic position, though her role as mother to multiple imperial heirs underscored the dynasty's emphasis on male succession amid frequent early childhood mortality among Barbarossa's offspring. The couple's union produced at least eight children, with Frederick VI following the deaths of elder brothers, positioning him within a lineage oriented toward perpetuating dominance in and .

Siblings and Dynastic Context

Frederick VI was born Conrad, the third surviving son of Frederick I Barbarossa and his second wife, , whom Barbarossa married in 1156. His elder siblings were Beatrice (born circa 1162, died 1174), betrothed as a child to but predeceasing the union due to illness; Frederick V (born 16 July 1164, died 19 October 1170), who inherited the in infancy but died young without issue; and Henry VI (born November 1165, died 28 September 1197), who was crowned in 1169 and later emperor. These siblings exemplified the Hohenstaufen strategy of producing multiple heirs to counter high rates, which claimed Frederick V at age six. The dynasty, rooted in since the , elevated the to a core territorial base for imperial ambitions, originating from counts palatine in the region before Frederick I's grandfather, Frederick I of Staufen, consolidated power there around 1079. Barbarossa's marriage to Beatrice secured the , expanding Hohenstaufen lands eastward and providing strategic depth against rivals like the Welfs, who contested Swabian dominance through figures such as . Upon Frederick V's death in 1170, Conrad—renamed Frederick VI to honor the ducal line—assumed the Swabian title at age three, ensuring the remained under direct family control while Henry VI focused on imperial coronation and Sicilian campaigns. This fraternal division of roles preserved dynastic cohesion amid the empire's decentralized feudal structure, where served as a military recruiting ground and administrative hub for Hohenstaufen emperors.

Ascension and Early Reign

Inheritance of the Duchy

Frederick VI acceded to the in 1170 following the death of his elder brother, Frederick V, who had held the title since approximately 1167 but succumbed to illness at age four without heirs. The succession was arranged by their father, Frederick I Barbarossa, who designated the duchy— a core patrimony encompassing much of southwestern —to his sons to secure family control amid imperial duties that precluded Barbarossa retaining the title personally after his 1152 election as king. Originally named Conrad at birth in February 1167 in Modigliana, , the third surviving son of Barbarossa and , was renamed Frederick VI upon inheriting to maintain dynastic continuity in numbering from prior Hohenstaufen dukes. This inheritance reinforced dominance in , a strategic region bordering and the empire's Italian territories, but it occurred during Barbarossa's ongoing conflicts with the and papal schisms, limiting immediate consolidation. As a of roughly three years at succession, Frederick VI's assumption of the duchy underscored the era's reliance on imperial oversight for underage heirs in feudal principalities, with governance effectively reverting to Barbarossa until the young duke's maturity. The transfer faced no recorded challenges from rival claimants, reflecting the Hohenstaufens' entrenched regional authority established since Frederick I's tenure as duke from 1079.

Minority Governance

Frederick VI succeeded his deceased elder brother, Frederick V, as Duke of Swabia on 28 November 1170, at approximately three years of age. His father, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, formally installed him in the ducal position, ensuring continuity of Hohenstaufen control over the family's ancestral duchy. Given the duke's tender age, day-to-day governance during his minority fell under direct imperial administration rather than a separate regency, as Swabia served as the dynastic power base with estates and ministeriales loyal to the emperor. Barbarossa's oversight maintained stability, leveraging Swabia's resources—such as feudal levies and revenues from imperial domains—to support broader royal objectives, including conflicts in northern Italy and consolidation against princely rivals. Primary sources offer scant detail on specific administrative mechanisms or appointed stewards, reflecting the integrated nature of ducal and imperial authority within the Hohenstaufen realm. By the early 1180s, as Frederick approached adulthood, he increasingly appeared in imperial entourages, signaling a transition toward personal involvement, though full autonomy likely postdated his father's ongoing campaigns. This period of minority governance underscored the strategy of centralizing control in to project power across the empire, without evident disruptions from the duke's youth.

Role in Hohenstaufen Affairs

Service to Frederick Barbarossa

Frederick VI succeeded to the ducal title of in 1170 at the age of three, following the death of his paternal uncle Frederick IV, with imperial governance under a procurator appointed by his father until his majority. In 1184, Barbarossa knighted Frederick VI alongside his elder brother Henry at a grand court in , an event attended by numerous imperial princes that underscored the dynasty's continuity and Barbarossa's preparations for succession and crusade. During Barbarossa's fifth Italian campaign (1184–1186), aimed at enforcing the 1183 Peace of Constance with Lombard cities, Frederick VI participated as a to key accords, marking his emerging role in imperial diplomacy and military enforcement in . In the Third Crusade, proclaimed after Barbarossa took the cross on 27 March 1188, Frederick VI served as second-in-command, leading one of four army divisions alongside his father's. The crusader host departed on 11 May 1189, traversing and Byzantine territories before entering . Frederick VI commanded the vanguard, dispatching knights to support Barbarossa in engagements and directing the decisive assault at the Battle of Iconium (18 May 1190), where his forces exploited an opened city gate to sack the Seljuk capital, securing approximately 100,000 marks in silver, provisions, and 6,000 horses or mules. This victory bolstered the army's advance toward , though Barbarossa's drowning in the Saleph River on 10 June 1190 elevated Frederick VI to overall command of the surviving forces.

Interactions with Henry VI

Frederick VI maintained a cooperative relationship with his elder brother Henry VI, who had been elected King of the Romans in 1169 and served as co-ruler under their father Frederick Barbarossa. The brothers participated jointly in key dynastic ceremonies, including their knighting by Barbarossa at the Pentecost imperial diet in Mainz on 20 May 1184, where over 20,000 armed nobles gathered for tournaments following the accolade during Pentecost Mass, symbolizing Hohenstaufen cohesion amid preparations for Italian campaigns. As Duke of Swabia from 1170, Frederick governed the family's core territorial base in southwestern during Henry's kingship, ensuring administrative continuity without documented disputes, which supported imperial stability against regional rivals like the Welfs. Following Barbarossa's death on 10 June 1190 during the Third Crusade, Frederick assumed leadership of the surviving German forces, pressing on to Antioch and later Acre in alignment with royal directives to uphold Hohenstaufen prestige, though Henry remained in managing succession and Italian affairs. This continuity reflected fraternal coordination rather than rivalry, as evidenced by contemporary chroniclers like Arnold of Lübeck, who praised Frederick's crusading conduct in contrast to criticisms of Henry's domestic policies.

Military Engagements

Preparations for the Third Crusade

Frederick VI, as and eldest surviving son of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, took the cross alongside his father at the imperial court in on 27 March 1188, formally pledging to participate in the Third Crusade in response to the fall of to in 1187. This commitment aligned with Barbarossa's broader call for a German-led expedition, emphasizing recovery of the through overland march rather than sea voyage. In the ensuing preparations from spring 1188 to early 1189, Frederick VI contributed to mobilizing forces from and , commanding divisions that included Swabian and Bavarian nobles, ministeriales, and contingents under figures such as Bishop Conrad of and Margrave Berthold of Vohburg. The expedition amassed approximately 12,000 to 15,000 men, including around 3,000 knights, with Frederick VI designated as second-in-command and leader of the vanguard and first battle line. Late in 1188 or early 1189, he joined Bishop Godfrey of and Duke Leopold V of in swearing an oath at to ensure peaceful passage through Byzantine territories, addressing diplomatic tensions with Emperor . The German crusading army mustered at by (23 April 1189), departing on 11 May 1189 under Barbarossa's overall command, with Frederick VI guiding the advance through toward the . These efforts reflected coordinated imperial logistics, including securing supplies and oaths of obedience from troops, positioning Frederick VI as a key operational figure before assuming full leadership after his father's death en route.

Participation in the Crusade

Frederick VI accompanied his father, Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, on the Third Crusade, serving as second-in-command of the German contingent comprising roughly 3,000 knights and 12,000 infantry. The expedition departed on 11 May 1189, advancing through with minimal disruption before entering Byzantine territory, where diplomatic frictions with Emperor were navigated amid mutual suspicions of treachery. In , Frederick VI commanded the vanguard during key engagements against Seljuk forces. The Crusaders decisively defeated a Seljuk army near Philomelion in early May 1190, followed by the capture of Iconium (modern ) on 18 May after Frederick VI led an assault division against the city. These victories secured supplies and opened the route southward, though and desertions began eroding the army's strength. Barbarossa's drowning on 10 June 1190 while crossing the Saleph River in prompted Frederick VI to assume overall command of the fragmented remnants, estimated at around 5,000 men. He reorganized the forces, arranged for his father's embalmed remains to be transported, and pressed onward, reaching Antioch by late October 1190 after navigating Armenian alliances and further hardships. From there, the contingent marched to reinforce the ongoing Siege of Acre, marking the effective culmination of the overland German participation before heavy losses mounted.

Death and Immediate Aftermath

Siege of Acre

Following the drowning of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in the Saleph River on 10 June 1190, Frederick VI assumed command of the fragmented German crusader host and pressed onward to the . After severe attrition from disease—particularly malaria that decimated his forces at Tripoli—he arrived at the ongoing Siege of Acre in early October 1190 with approximately 700 knights, bolstering the crusader lines entrenched since August 1189. As leader of the German contingent, Frederick coordinated assaults on the city's defenses amid grueling conditions, including relentless Saladin-led counterattacks and supply disruptions by sea. His arrival provided temporary reinforcement to the multinational force under , which numbered around 7,000–9,000 and 400–700 knights at the siege's outset, though desertions and illness had eroded numbers by late 1190. The winter of 1190–1191 brought epidemics of and fever to the crusader camps, claiming numerous leaders including Theobald V of Blois and Stephen of Sancerre. Frederick himself contracted and died on 20 January 1191, further demoralizing the German pilgrims and effectively curtailing their sustained role in the two-year , which persisted until the city's fall on 12 July 1191.

Succession in Swabia

Frederick VI died on 20 January 1191 during the Siege of Acre, leaving no legitimate heirs, as he had been betrothed to Constance of Hungary but the marriage never occurred. The , a hereditary possession of the family, thus passed by fraternal succession to his younger brother Conrad (born circa February/March 1172), who had previously held the appanage of from 1188. Conrad assumed the ducal title as Conrad II and governed until his own death without issue on 15 August 1196 at Steinhof, near . This lateral succession maintained control over the duchy amid the ongoing and the minority of Emperor Henry VI, Frederick VI's elder brother. Conrad II's brief rule focused on consolidating family estates in , but his untimely death shifted the duchy to another Hohenstaufen brother, (1177–1208), who became in 1196 and later King of in 1198 to counter Welf claims during the following Henry VI's death in 1197. The absence of direct heirs from Frederick VI underscored the reliance on agnatic primogeniture within the imperial family, preventing fragmentation of Swabian territories at a critical juncture for Hohenstaufen dynastic ambitions.

Historical Assessment

Dynastic Impact

Frederick VI's death on January 20, 1191, at the Siege of Acre deprived the Hohenstaufen dynasty of its without a direct successor, as he left no legitimate children. This created a five-year vacancy in the duchy, during which imperial oversight by his brother, Emperor Henry VI, maintained nominal control but exposed Swabia's administrative and military structures to potential instability amid ongoing crusading commitments and regional princely rivalries. In 1196, Henry VI invested their younger brother as , ensuring the duchy remained within the core lineage rather than fragmenting to branches or external claimants. This continuity preserved as a strategic base for dynastic power projection in and , bolstering the family's resources during the imperial following Henry VI's death in September 1197. 's position as duke facilitated his rapid election as German king by loyalists in March 1198, countering the Welf candidate Otto IV and prolonging intra-dynastic and inter-factional conflict that characterized the dynasty's later phase. Longer-term, Frederick VI's childless demise redirected Swabia's allegiance to Philip's line, which briefly sustained Hohenstaufen influence until Philip's assassination in 1208; thereafter, the duchy passed to Henry (VII), younger brother of the infant Frederick II, before ultimate absorption into imperial domains under Frederick II's maturity around 1212. The absence of Frederick VI's potential progeny thus avoided diluting the dynasty's patrilineal focus but highlighted vulnerabilities in agnatic succession, contributing to the elective monarchy's volatility that undermined Hohenstaufen cohesion by the mid-13th century, culminating in the line's extinction in 1268.

Evaluations of Character and Achievements

Frederick VI's character receives limited attention in primary sources, reflecting his brief adulthood and focus on duties rather than or ; however, crusade narratives portray him as resolute and filial, exemplified by his rapid of a relief force upon learning of his father's peril during the march through in May 1190, though he arrived too late to prevent the drowning on June 10. This initiative, drawn from select knights, highlights personal courage amid chaos, as the army had already fragmented from ambushes and attrition. Elected commander by the surviving nobles immediately after Barbarossa's death, an act implying trust in his lineage and demonstrated competence, Frederick reorganized the remnants—reduced to roughly 5,000 combatants—and pressed onward, navigating alliances with local rulers and avoiding total collapse despite desertions and supply shortages. His achievements center on sustaining the German contingent's viability during the Third Crusade, a feat of logistical endurance: arriving at Acre on October 28, 1190, his forces bolstered the prolonged siege with infantry assaults, construction, and operations, contributing materially to the pressure on Saladin's garrison before claimed him on January 20, 1191. Modern assessments, informed by Staufen dynastic studies, view Frederick as a competent subordinate leader whose potential for independent rule was unrealized due to youth (24 at death) and circumstance, yet whose persistence preserved imperial prestige abroad amid familial succession strains back home. The loss of such a figure exacerbated vulnerabilities post-Henry VI, as personnel depletion hindered consolidation of gains in the . No evidence suggests personal flaws undermined his efforts; rather, structural challenges like epidemic disease and Byzantine mistrust defined the expedition's limits under his tenure.

References

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