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Gomer (Hebrew: גֹּמֶר‎ Gōmer; Greek: Γαμὲρ, romanized: Gamér) was the eldest son of Japheth (and of the Japhetic line), and father of Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah, according to the "Table of Nations" in the Hebrew Bible (Genesis 10).

The eponymous Gomer, "standing for the whole family," as the compilers of The Jewish Encyclopedia expressed it,[1] is also mentioned in Book of Ezekiel 38:6 as the ally of Gog, the chief of the land of Magog.

The Hebrew name Gomer refers to the Cimmerians, who dwelt in Pontic–Caspian steppe, "beyond the Caucasus",[2] and attacked Assyria in the late 7th century BC. The Assyrians called them Gimmerai; the Cimmerian king Teushpa was defeated by Assarhadon of Assyria sometime between 681 and 668 BC.[3]

Traditional identifications

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Josephus placed Gomer and the "Gomerites" in Anatolian Galatia: "For Gomer founded those whom the Greeks now call Galatians, but were then called Gomerites."[4] Galatia in fact takes its name from the ancient Gauls (Celts) who settled there. However, the later Christian writer Hippolytus of Rome in c. 234 assigned Gomer as the ancestor of the Cappadocians, neighbours of the Galatians.[5] Jerome (c. 390) and Isidore of Seville (c. 600) followed Josephus' identification of Gomer with the Galatians, Gauls and Celts.

According to tractate Yoma, in the Talmud, Gomer is identified as "Germamya".[6]

The Muslim historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (c. 915) recounts a Persian tradition that Gomer lived to the age of 1000, noting that this record equalled that of Nimrod, but was unsurpassed by anyone else mentioned in the Torah.[7]

The Cimbri were a tribe settled on Jutland peninsula in Germania (now Denmark) c. 200 BC, who were variously identified in ancient times as Cimmerian, Germanic or Celtic. In later times, some scholars connected them with the Welsh people, and descendants of Gomer. Among the first authors to identify Gomer, the Cimmerians, and Cimbri, with the Welsh name for themselves, Cymri, was the English antiquarian William Camden in his Britannia (first published in 1586).[8] In his 1716 book Drych y Prif Oesoedd, Welsh historian Theophilus Evans also posited that the Welsh were descended from the Cimmerians and from Gomer;[9] this was followed by a number of later writers of the 18th and 19th centuries.[9][10]

This etymology is considered false by modern Celtic linguists, who follow the etymology proposed by Johann Kaspar Zeuss in 1853, which derives Cymry from the Brythonic word *Combrogos ("fellow countryman").[10][11][12] The name Gomer (as in the pen-name of 19th century editor and author Joseph Harris, for instance) and its (modern) Welsh derivatives, such as Gomeraeg (as an alternative name for the Welsh language)[13] became fashionable for a time in Wales, but the Gomerian theory itself has long since been discredited as an antiquarian hypothesis with no historical or linguistic validity.[14]

In 1498 Annio da Viterbo published fragments known as Pseudo-Berossus, now considered a forgery, claiming that Babylonian records had shown that Comerus Gallus, i.e. Gomer son of Japheth, had first settled in Comera (now Italy) in the 10th year of Nimrod following the dispersion of peoples. In addition, Tuiscon, whom Pseudo-Berossus calls the fourth son of Noah, and says ruled first in Germany/Scythia, was identified by later historians (e.g. Johannes Aventinus) as none other than Ashkenaz, Gomer's son.

Gomer's descendants

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Three sons of Gomer are mentioned in Genesis 10, namely:

Children of Ashkenaz were originally identified with the Scythians (Assyrian Ishkuza), then after the 11th century, with Germany.[15][16]

Ancient Armenian and Georgian chronicles lists Togarmah as the ancestor of both people who originally inhabited the land between two Black and Caspian Seas and between two inaccessible mountains, Mount Elbrus and Mount Ararat respectively.[17][18]

According to Khazar records, Togarmah is regarded as the ancestor of the Turkic-speaking peoples.[19]

Citations

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  1. ^ "Gomer". The Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls. 1906. p. 40. Archived from the original on July 3, 2004. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
  2. ^ Cambridge Ancient History Vol. II pt. 2, p. 425
  3. ^ Barry Cunliffe (ed.), The Oxford History of Prehistoric Europe (Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 381–382.
  4. ^ Antiquities of the Jews, I:6.
  5. ^ Chronica, 57.
  6. ^ Yoma 10a
  7. ^ Tabari, Prophets and Patriarchs (Vol. 2 of History of the Prophets and Kings)
  8. ^ Camden's Britannia, I.17,19.
  9. ^ a b Lloyd, p. 191
  10. ^ a b University of Wales Dictionary, vol. II, p. 1485, Gomeriad. The editors note the false etymology.
  11. ^ Lloyd, p. 192
  12. ^ University of Wales Dictionary, vol. I, p. 770.
  13. ^ University of Wales Dictionary, vol. II, p. 1485.
  14. ^ See, for instance: Piggot, pp. 132, 172.
  15. ^ Kraus, S. (1932), "Hashemot 'ashkenaz usefarad", Tarbiẕ 3:423–435
  16. ^ Kriwaczek, Paul (2005). Yiddish Civilization: The Rise and Fall of a Forgotten Nation. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  17. ^ Leonti Mroveli. "The Georgian Chronicles".
  18. ^ Moses of Chorene. "The History of Armenia".
  19. ^ Pritsak O. & Golb. N: Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century, Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982.

General and cited references

[edit]
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Gomer

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Gomer (Hebrew: גֹּמֶר‎ Gōmer) is a name used in the Bible for two distinct figures: the eldest son of Japheth mentioned in the Table of Nations, and the wife of the prophet Hosea. Gomer was the eldest son of Japheth, one of Noah's three sons after the flood, and thus a grandson of Noah, as described in the Table of Nations in Genesis 10:2–3. He is portrayed as the progenitor of several tribes, fathering Ashkenaz, Riphath (or Diphath in some manuscripts), and Togarmah, whose descendants settled in regions including the northern shores of the Black Sea and parts of Asia Minor. These peoples are historically linked by scholars to the Cimmerians, an ancient nomadic group known from Assyrian and Greek records for their migrations and conflicts in the 8th to 7th centuries BCE. In addition to his genealogical role, Gomer appears in prophetic literature as a representative of northern powers. In Ezekiel 38:6, Gomer and his troops are depicted as allies in a coalition led by Gog of Magog that invades Israel, only to face divine intervention—an event interpreted by biblical commentators as symbolizing eschatological judgment. This reference underscores Gomer's symbolic association with distant, hostile nations in Judeo-Christian eschatology, though the exact historical correlations remain debated among archaeologists and historians. The name Gomer, derived from Hebrew roots possibly meaning "completion" or related to ancient place names, reflects the biblical emphasis on ethnic origins and divine ordering of post-flood humanity. While primary biblical texts provide the foundational account, extrabiblical sources like Assyrian annals confirm the existence of Gomerite peoples as raiders in the ancient Near East, influencing interpretations of their migrations from the Eurasian steppes.

Biblical References

Gomer as Son of Japheth

In the biblical account of the post-flood world, Gomer is portrayed as the eldest son of Japheth, making him a grandson of Noah and one of the key progenitors in the Table of Nations outlined in Genesis 10. This genealogy lists the sons of Japheth as Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras (Genesis 10:2), with Gomer's own sons identified as Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah (Genesis 10:3), establishing him as the founder of a specific branch within the expanding human family. The narrative emphasizes the diversification of humanity following the flood, with Gomer's position highlighting the origins of distinct peoples emerging from Noah's lineage. Within the broader structure of the Table of Nations, Gomer's inclusion underscores the geographical and ethnic spread of Japheth's descendants, who are associated with northern regions in the biblical worldview. This placement reflects an ethnographic framework where Japheth's line, beginning with Gomer, represents groups distinct from the central Semitic peoples descended from Shem, contributing to the text's portrayal of a unified yet diversified humanity. The account is often interpreted as a theological depiction of divine order in human dispersion, with Gomer's line representing non-Semitic lineages that populate northern regions of the known world. Gomer is also referenced in prophetic literature, such as Ezekiel 38:6, where the descendants of Gomer are depicted as allies in a coalition against Israel led by Gog of Magog. The reference to Gomer in 1 Chronicles 1:5-6 reiterates the Genesis genealogy almost verbatim, stating that the sons of Japheth were Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras, and the sons of Gomer were Ashkenaz, Riphath (Diphath in some Hebrew manuscripts), and Togarmah, without adding further narrative details or events. This parallel confirmation reinforces Gomer's role as a foundational figure in the chronicler's recap of Israel's ancestral connections to the wider world, emphasizing continuity in the scriptural tradition of human origins.

Gomer as Wife of Hosea

In the Book of , Gomer is portrayed as the wife of the prophet , whom he marries under divine instruction to embody Israel's spiritual infidelity toward . Hosea 1:2-3 recounts that the commands Hosea to take a "wife of whoredom" and have children of whoredom, reflecting how the forsakes through idolatry and alliances with foreign powers; Hosea obeys by wedding Gomer, daughter of Diblaim, who soon conceives and bears him a son. Scholarly analysis describes Gomer not as a professional prostitute but as a promiscuous woman whose union with Hosea illustrates the covenant betrayal central to the prophet's message. Gomer gives birth to three children, each receiving a name laden with prophetic symbolism foretelling divine judgment on the Northern Kingdom. The firstborn son is named Jezreel (Hosea 1:4-5), evoking the Valley of Jezreel as the site where God will avenge the bloodshed of Jehu's dynasty and shatter Israel's military power, ending the kingdom in that place. Her second child, a daughter called Lo-Ruhamah—meaning "she who has not received mercy" (Hosea 1:6-7)—signals God's withdrawal of compassion from Israel, though mercy is promised to Judah through non-human means. The third, another son named Lo-Ammi—"not my people" (Hosea 1:8-9)—declares the severance of the covenant bond, underscoring Israel's rejection as God's chosen nation. These names collectively highlight themes of impending doom amid Israel's moral and religious apostasy. The narrative progresses to depict Gomer's unfaithfulness, leading to her enslavement, which Hosea redeems at God's behest in Hosea 3, purchasing her for fifteen shekels of silver, a homer of barley, and a lethech of barley—equivalent to the price of a common slave under Mosaic law. Hosea then confines her to his home without intimacy for a period, mirroring Israel's future deprivation of kings, sacrifices, and idols (Hosea 3:4), yet promising eventual restoration and renewed covenant fidelity (Hosea 3:5). This redemptive act symbolizes Yahweh's persistent love and commitment to reclaiming Israel despite repeated betrayal. Hosea's ministry, including his marriage to Gomer, unfolds in the Northern Kingdom of Israel during the mid- to late 8th century BCE, spanning the prosperous yet corrupt reign of Jeroboam II (circa 793–753 BCE) and extending into a period of political instability as Assyrian influence grew. Prophesying amid economic boom and social injustice, Hosea critiques the kingdom's syncretistic worship and foreign entanglements, foreseeing its fall to Assyria in 722 BCE.

Etymology and Linguistic Analysis

Origins of the Name Gomer

The Hebrew term for Gomer, גֹּמֶר (Gōmer), is derived from the triconsonantal root ג-מ-ר (g-m-r), a verb meaning "to complete," "to finish," or "to bring to an end." This root appears in various biblical contexts to denote finality or consummation, such as in Genesis 6:16 where it describes completing the ark's construction, and is linked by lexicographers to concepts of totality, fulfillment, or even burning as a form of complete consumption. The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon explicitly associates the name Gomer with "completion," interpreting it as a proper noun embodying this sense of wholeness or accomplishment. Linguistic parallels extend to other ancient Near Eastern languages, reinforcing the root's Semitic origins. In Akkadian, the cognate verb gamāru carries the primary meaning "to complete" or "to bring to a conclusion," as documented in standard dictionaries, suggesting a shared conceptual framework of fulfillment across early Semitic-speaking cultures. Similarly, in Ugaritic, the root gmr relates to avenging or annihilating, appearing in personal names and divine epithets evoking combative finality shared with certain Hebrew contexts. These connections highlight how the name may have connoted a sense of ultimate realization or perfection in ancient nomenclature. The Hebrew form גֹּמֶר exhibits gender neutrality, a feature common in certain biblical names derived from verbal roots, allowing its use for both the male son of Japheth in Genesis 10:2–3 and the female wife of Hosea in Hosea 1:3. Despite this versatility, the biblical texts offer no direct explanation of the name's significance, requiring scholars to depend on etymological analysis and comparative linguistics to infer its implications of completion or fulfillment.

Interpretations in Ancient Languages

In the Greek Septuagint, the name Gomer from Genesis 10:2 is rendered as Γομερ (Gomer), preserving the Hebrew phonetics with only minor adjustments for Greek orthography and pronunciation. Similarly, the Latin Vulgate translates it directly as Gomer in the same verse, maintaining the original form without significant semantic or phonetic alteration, reflecting the translators' aim to retain proper names as closely as possible to the Hebrew source. Assyrian inscriptions from the 8th to 7th centuries BCE refer to a nomadic people as Gimirri or Gimira, terms that scholars have interpreted as potential echoes of the biblical Gomer, though without establishing a direct etymological equation due to variations in cuneiform transcription. These references describe the Gimirri as raiders from the north, aligning phonetically with the Hebrew גֹּמֶר (Gōmer) but interpreted more as a designation for a tribal group than a personal name. Possible connections have been proposed between Gomer and terms in other ancient Near Eastern languages, such as variants like gamiri in contexts referring to northern wanderers, though evidence from Sumerian or Hittite sources remains sparse and unconfirmed, with most links relying on broader phonetic similarities in Akkadian-influenced records; one scholarly proposal derives Gimirri from Iranian *gāmīra-/*gmīra– meaning “mobile unit.” In 19th- and 20th-century philology, debates centered on Indo-European roots for Gomer, particularly its association with the Greek Κιμμέριοι (Kimmerioi), the Cimmerians, an equestrian nomadic group of Eastern Iranian origin who migrated through the Pontic-Caspian steppe. Scholars like those in J.P. Mallory's In Search of the Indo-Europeans (1989) explored these ties, viewing the name's recurrence across Assyrian Gimirri and Greek forms as indicative of shared Indo-European linguistic substrates, though emphasizing that such connections highlight migratory patterns rather than precise semantic derivations. This philological tradition, building on earlier works like those referencing Herodotus, underscored phonetic shifts from Gimirri to Kimmerioi as evidence of cultural diffusion among Indo-European speakers.

Genealogy and Descendants

Biblical Lineage

In the biblical Table of Nations outlined in Genesis 10, Gomer is identified as the firstborn son of Japheth, one of Noah's three sons, and is listed as having three sons: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah. This genealogy positions Gomer as a key progenitor within the post-flood dispersion of peoples, with his immediate descendants forming branches of Japheth's line. The parallel account in 1 Chronicles 1 echoes this lineage, naming Gomer's sons as Ashkenaz, Diphath (a variant of Riphath), and Togarmah, reinforcing the scriptural record without additional elaboration. Traditional interpretations associate Ashkenaz with the progenitors of Scythian peoples in scholarly views, reflecting an early linkage to nomadic groups in the ancient Near East, while rabbinic sources connect him to Germanic territories through the identification of his father Gomer with Germania in the Babylonian Talmud. Similarly, Togarmah is linked in biblical geography and tradition to groups in Anatolia or Armenia, such as the Armenians who trace their descent to Torgom (Togarmah) in historical accounts derived from scriptural references. The Bible provides no further generations beyond these three sons, underscoring Gomer's role as a foundational clan head in the patrilineal descent rather than a figure with extended progeny detailed in the text. This limited scope emphasizes the genealogical framework of the Table of Nations, focusing on immediate familial ties without subsequent branches.

Associated Peoples and Tribes

Gomer's descendants, as listed in Genesis 10:3, include Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah, whose names have been linked by ancient historians and scholars to specific tribal groups in the ancient Near East and Anatolia based on linguistic and geographic parallels in extra-biblical records. Ashkenaz is commonly identified with the Ashkuza (or Aškūza), a nomadic people mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions from the seventh century BCE, who are equated with the Scythians of classical sources; these groups originated from the steppes north of the Black Sea and migrated southward, interacting with the Assyrian Empire around 670 BCE. The association places Ashkenaz's people in the broader Pontic-Caspian region, reflecting their role as Indo-European speakers who disrupted settled civilizations in Anatolia and the Levant. Riphath has been connected to the Paphlagonians, an ancient people inhabiting the northern coast of Anatolia along the Black Sea, as noted by the first-century historian Flavius Josephus, who described them as settling in the region between Bithynia and Pontus. Some interpretations extend this to early Celtic or related migratory groups in central Anatolia, such as those who later formed the Galatian communities, though the primary link remains to the Paphlagonian territory in northeast modern-day Turkey. Togarmah is tied to the Tilgarimmu (or Tegarama) referenced in Hittite and Assyrian texts from the second millennium BCE, denoting a mountainous region in eastern Anatolia, particularly the northern Taurus Mountains and Cappadocia, where they supplied horses and troops in trade and military contexts. This identification aligns with the biblical portrayal in Ezekiel 38:6 of the "House of Togarmah" as originating from the "uttermost parts of the north," emphasizing their northern Anatolian homeland. Collectively, Gomer's lineage in ancient sources represents early Indo-European migrants advancing from the northern steppes into Anatolia and the Caucasus, influencing the cultural and ethnic landscape of the region through waves of settlement and conflict prior to 500 BCE.

Historical Identifications

Ancient Near Eastern Connections

In Assyrian inscriptions dating to the reign of Sargon II (721–705 BCE), the term "Gimirri" appears as a designation for nomadic raiders originating from the northern regions beyond the Taurus Mountains, who conducted incursions into Anatolia and interacted with kingdoms such as Urartu. These records, including intelligence reports from 720–714 BCE, describe King Rusā I of Urartu advancing toward the land of the Gimirri, portraying them as mobile warrior groups threatening Assyrian interests in eastern Anatolia. The Behistun Inscription of Darius I (r. 522–486 BCE) references "Gimirri" in its Babylonian version as a provincial territory or associated people within the Median sphere, linking it to broader Achaemenid administrative contexts in the northwest. This usage aligns with earlier Assyrian terminology but situates the Gimirri amid Persian efforts to consolidate control over Median tribes and frontier zones during Darius's suppression of rebellions. While no direct textual correlation exists between the biblical figure Gomer and these Near Eastern references, scholars widely recognize a phonetic similarity between the Hebrew "Gōmer" (גֹּמֶר) and the Akkadian "Gimirri," supporting an identification with the same northern nomadic groups. This consensus draws on the shared consonantal roots and historical timing, though biblical accounts lack the specific geopolitical details found in cuneiform sources. Archaeological evidence from Phrygian sites, particularly the destruction layers at Gordion dated to ca. 800 BCE, indicates violent northern incursions; while traditionally attributed to Gimirri activities and marked by widespread burning and disruption of urban structures, recent radiocarbon dating suggests this event may predate known Cimmerian invasions. Textual accounts confirm Gimirri raids on Urartu in the 8th–7th centuries BCE, consistent with enhanced fortifications in eastern Anatolia attributable to northern nomadic threats.

Classical and Medieval Associations

In classical Greek historiography, Herodotus in his Histories (c. 440 BCE) portrayed the Cimmerians (Greek: Κιμμέριοι) as a nomadic tribe originating from the northern shores of the Black Sea, who were displaced southward by the Scythians and subsequently invaded Asia Minor by skirting the eastern side of the Caucasus Mountains. This account depicted them as fierce raiders who disrupted the kingdoms of Media and Lydia during the 7th century BCE, establishing a foundational narrative for their association with migratory northern peoples in Western sources. Building on Herodotus, the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus explicitly connected these Cimmerians to the biblical Gomer in his Antiquities of the Jews (c. 93–94 CE), stating that Gomer, the eldest son of Japheth, founded the Gomerites, known to the Greeks as Galatians (or Gauls) and encompassing broader Celtic groups. Josephus argued that the name "Galatians" derived from Gomer, linking the biblical genealogy in Genesis 10 to the Celtic tribes encountered by the Romans in Anatolia and Europe, thereby integrating Jewish scriptural tradition with Greco-Roman ethnography. Medieval European scholars further elaborated these identifications in encyclopedic works. Isidore of Seville, in his Etymologiae (c. 615–636 CE), traced the Gauls (Galatae) directly to Gomer as a descendant of Japheth, positioning them among the western European nations in his etymological survey of peoples and languages. This linkage reinforced Gomer's role as an eponymous ancestor for Gallic tribes, influencing subsequent Christian chronicles that viewed Celtic migrations through a biblical lens. During the Renaissance, biblical cartographers and geographers mapped Gomer's descendants to territories tied to Cimmerian lore, often placing their original homeland in Thrace or the Crimean peninsula to align ancient invasions with scriptural dispersion. Works like Samuel Bochart's Phaleg (1646) exemplified this by associating Gomer with Cimmerian settlements extending from Crimea into Thrace and beyond, using classical texts to visualize the Table of Nations in emerging world atlases.

Religious and Cultural Interpretations

In Jewish Tradition

In rabbinic literature, Gomer is frequently identified as the eponymous ancestor of the Germanic peoples, reflecting interpretations that map biblical genealogies onto known ethnic groups of late antiquity and the medieval period. The Midrash Genesis Rabbah (37:1) interprets the sons of Gomer in Genesis 10:3 as representing Asia (Ashkenaz), Adiabene (Riphath), and Germania (Togarmah). Later traditions associated Ashkenaz with Germany and northern Europe, leading to the term "Ashkenazi" for Jewish communities in those regions, though not directly in this Midrash. Medieval commentator Rashi, in his commentary on Genesis 10:2-3, identifies Gomer with Germania (Germany) and extends the lineage through Togarmah to the Turks and other Eurasian nomads, emphasizing their northern origins and migratory patterns.

In Christian Theology

The biblical Gomer, son of Japheth (Genesis 10:2-3), receives distinct eschatological attention in dispensational Christian theology, identified as the progenitor of Gentile nations involved in end-times conflicts. In interpretations of Ezekiel 38-39, Gomer and his descendant Togarmah represent northern coalitions—often linked to regions like Turkey—arrayed against Israel in the prophetic battle of Gog and Magog, symbolizing opposition to God's purposes before divine intervention. This view positions Gomer's lineage as fulfilling dispensational frameworks of Gentile involvement in apocalyptic events, culminating in Christ's ultimate victory and the restoration of Israel.

References

  1. https://biblehub.com/hosea/1-3.htm
  2. https://www.biblicaltraining.org/library/gomer
  3. https://biblehub.com/topical/g/gomer.htm
  4. https://biblehub.com/ezekiel/38-6.htm
  5. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2010%3A2-3&version=NIV
  6. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=11&article=1015&context=ifb&type=additional
  7. http://www.theology.edu/prehist2.htm
  8. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1603&context=masters
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  10. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Chronicles%201%3A5-6&version=NIV
  11. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hosea%201&version=ESV
  12. https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/gomer-bible
  13. https://rsc.byu.edu/isaiah-prophets/marriage-hosea-jehovahs-covenant-israel
  14. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hosea%203&version=ESV
  15. https://discover.cph.org/pastors/understanding-hoseas-marriage-to-gomer
  16. https://www.sots.ac.uk/wiki/hosea/
  17. https://bam.sites.uiowa.edu/hello/gomer
  18. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h1586/kjv/wlc/0-1/
  19. https://archive.org/stream/a-concise-dictionary-of-akkadian/A_Concise_Dictionary_of_Akkadian_djvu.txt
  20. https://www.academia.edu/84571920/The_Root_GMR_and_a_Shared_Divine_Epithet_in_Ugaritic_and_Classical_Hebrew
  21. https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/380713
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