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Gutob language
The Gutob or Bodo Gadaba language is a south Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family of India, with the greatest concentrations of speakers being found in Koraput district of Odisha and Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. It is also known simply as the Gadaba language, but it is different from the Dravidian Gadaba language. Other names for the Bodo Gadaba language include Gadba, Gutop, Gudwa, Godwa, Gadwa, and Boi Gadaba.
The Gutob language belongs to the South Munda subgroup of the Munda branch of the Austroasiatic language family. It is most closely related to the Bondo language.
Gutob is spoken across southern Odisha and adjacent districts of northern Andhra Pradesh, and is concentrated primarily in Lamptaput block, Koraput district, southern Odisha. In recent centuries, Gutob speakers have also migrated to the plains of Andhra Pradesh as well as Rayagada District, including near the town Majiguda (close to Kalyansinghpur) where they live alongside the Dravidian-speaking Kondhs.
Ethnologue reports the following locations.
Although there are some speculation, Griffiths (2008) states "at least two dialects of Gutob exist": Koraput Gutob and Andhra Gutob. The author assumes that the former is the standard variety. The degree of mutual intelligibility of the two dialect is unknown, though differences in phonology and lexicons were reported by Subba Rao (1992) and Bhaskara Rao (1969), and the Andhra dialect has been strongly influenced by Telugu.
The Gutob language is considered to be either endangered or moribund, due in part to several hydroelectric projects that have displaced Gutob people from their traditional villages and forced them to live as minorities in primarily Desiya-speaking villages. Anderson (2008) estimates the number of speakers at around 10 to 15,000, while the Asha Kiran society, which works in Koraput, estimates the number at less than 5,000. Virtually there are no Gutob monolinguals. The 2011 census most likely counts Gutob and Ollari as the same language, since they are both called Gadaba by outsiders. Although Gutob-language education has been attempted, it has faced stiff resistance and most parents still want their children to learn Desiya only due to being in mixed villages.
According to Voß, L-H word pattern is found across all Gutob words. Stress usually falls in the second syllable of Gutob disyllables and final syllable in other words. This pattern is already well-exhibited in the ethnonyms of the Gutob people: Dravidian-Desia ˈgādabā vs Gutob guˈtob, Dravidianized Ollari ˈtugoːlu vs Gutob tuˈgɔl ('yesterday'). However, in verbal forms with trisyllables, the patterns may be unpredictable.
Gutob distinguish two numbers: singular (-Ø) and plural (-nen). The plural is not obligatorily marked.
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Gutob language
The Gutob or Bodo Gadaba language is a south Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family of India, with the greatest concentrations of speakers being found in Koraput district of Odisha and Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. It is also known simply as the Gadaba language, but it is different from the Dravidian Gadaba language. Other names for the Bodo Gadaba language include Gadba, Gutop, Gudwa, Godwa, Gadwa, and Boi Gadaba.
The Gutob language belongs to the South Munda subgroup of the Munda branch of the Austroasiatic language family. It is most closely related to the Bondo language.
Gutob is spoken across southern Odisha and adjacent districts of northern Andhra Pradesh, and is concentrated primarily in Lamptaput block, Koraput district, southern Odisha. In recent centuries, Gutob speakers have also migrated to the plains of Andhra Pradesh as well as Rayagada District, including near the town Majiguda (close to Kalyansinghpur) where they live alongside the Dravidian-speaking Kondhs.
Ethnologue reports the following locations.
Although there are some speculation, Griffiths (2008) states "at least two dialects of Gutob exist": Koraput Gutob and Andhra Gutob. The author assumes that the former is the standard variety. The degree of mutual intelligibility of the two dialect is unknown, though differences in phonology and lexicons were reported by Subba Rao (1992) and Bhaskara Rao (1969), and the Andhra dialect has been strongly influenced by Telugu.
The Gutob language is considered to be either endangered or moribund, due in part to several hydroelectric projects that have displaced Gutob people from their traditional villages and forced them to live as minorities in primarily Desiya-speaking villages. Anderson (2008) estimates the number of speakers at around 10 to 15,000, while the Asha Kiran society, which works in Koraput, estimates the number at less than 5,000. Virtually there are no Gutob monolinguals. The 2011 census most likely counts Gutob and Ollari as the same language, since they are both called Gadaba by outsiders. Although Gutob-language education has been attempted, it has faced stiff resistance and most parents still want their children to learn Desiya only due to being in mixed villages.
According to Voß, L-H word pattern is found across all Gutob words. Stress usually falls in the second syllable of Gutob disyllables and final syllable in other words. This pattern is already well-exhibited in the ethnonyms of the Gutob people: Dravidian-Desia ˈgādabā vs Gutob guˈtob, Dravidianized Ollari ˈtugoːlu vs Gutob tuˈgɔl ('yesterday'). However, in verbal forms with trisyllables, the patterns may be unpredictable.
Gutob distinguish two numbers: singular (-Ø) and plural (-nen). The plural is not obligatorily marked.