Healthcare in Greece consists of a universal health care system provided through national health insurance, and private health care. According to the 2011 budget, the Greek healthcare system was allocated 6.1 billion euro, or 2.8% of GDP. In a 2000 report by the World Health Organization, the Greek healthcare system was ranked 14th worldwide in the overall assessment, above other countries such as Germany (25) and the United Kingdom (18), while ranking 11th at level of service.

Healthcare in Greece is provided by the National Healthcare Service, or ESY (Greek: Εθνικό Σύστημα Υγείας, ΕΣΥ).

Healthcare in Greece traces its roots to the ancient Greek civilization. Hospitals did not exist in the modern sense in the ancient Greek world, but temples dedicated to the healing god Aesclepius (called Asclepieia) functioned as healing places as well as places of worship. It is not known whether or not cities in ancient Greece provided free healthcare to their citizens, but recent study of the ruins of the Kos Asclepieion show that medical services were offered to everyone who could pay for them, including slaves and foreigners.

The Byzantine Empire is accredited by some for having invented the hospital as the institution we know it to be today. Professor Timothy S. Miller of the Johns Hopkins University argues that the Byzantine Empire was the first to employ a system of hospital-based healthcare, where the hospital became the chief institution of the medical profession in contrast to its function as a last resort in Western medieval Europe, carrying forward the medical knowledge of ancient Greece and Rome.

In 1833, the nomíatros "forensic doctor" position was established, with the current responsibilities of a lawyer and a coroner. A year later the Medical Conference was established, a secretariat of the Ministry of the Interior which functioned as an advisory body. In 1836 the first hospital was founded. The first public insurance fund, the Navy Defense Fund began operating in 1861. The same year the Pension Fund for Public Servants was established, while the following year the Law PSMB΄ (1862) "On the Establishment of Madhouses" was published.

In the pre-war period, the government of Eleftherios Venizelos from 1910 to 1915 reformed the country's health system, such as Law 3934 of 1911 which obliges employers to provide health insurance to employees, Law 281 of 1914 which established the maternity leave and enabled the establishment of mutual aid funds, and Law 551 of 1915 which mandates compensation for occupational injuries. In 1922, the Ministry of Health and Welfare was established. A year later the country was divided into five Health Districts and a Health Board was established for each prefecture. In 1925 the institution of People's Clinics was introduced. On the basis of Law 6298 of 1934, the Social Insurance Institute (Greek: Ίδρυμα Κοινωνικών Ασφαλίσεων, IKA) was established, which started operating in 1937. With the Compulsory Law 965 of 1937 the country's nursing institutions took the form of Legal Person of Public Law (NPDD)^{[clarification needed]}.

During the post-war period, the decentralization of the system was established with Law 2592 of 1953, all health units came under the Ministry of Social Welfare and the proportional distribution of hospital beds was attempted. Law 1316 of 1983 established the National Organization for Medicines (Greek: Εθνικός Οργανισμός Φαρμάκων, EOF), the National Pharmaceutical Industry and the State Pharmacy.

The "National Health System" was unified following Law 1397 in 1983 and the "Health Centers" were created. Until then, eighty health insurance funds were operating with 6 beds/1000 inhabitants and 103 health workers/100,000 inhabitants.