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Immigration to New Zealand
Migration to New Zealand began only very recently in human history, with Polynesian settlement in New Zealand, previously uninhabited, about 1250 CE to 1280 CE. European migration provided a major influx, especially following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Subsequent immigrants have come chiefly from the British Isles, but also from continental Europe, the Pacific, the Americas and Asia.
Polynesians in the South Pacific were the first to discover the landmass of New Zealand. Eastern Polynesian explorers had settled in New Zealand by approximately the thirteenth century CE with most evidence pointing to an arrival date of about 1280. Their arrival gave rise to the Māori culture and the Māori language, both unique to New Zealand, although very closely related to analogues in other parts of Eastern Polynesia. Evidence from Wairau Bar and the Chatham Islands shows that the Polynesian colonists maintained many parts of their east Polynesian culture such as burial customs for at least 50 years. Especially strong resemblances link Māori to the languages and cultures of the Cook and Society Islands, which are regarded as the most likely places of origin. Moriori settled the Chatham Islands during the 15th century from mainland New Zealand. Contrary to Percy Smith's Great Fleet narrative, the Moriori were not an earlier Melanesian wave of immigrants who pre-dated the Māori people but were descended from the same Polynesian ancestors of the Māori.
Due to New Zealand's geographic isolation, several centuries passed before the next phase of settlement by the Europeans. It was only with the arrival of these new settlers that the original inhabitants began to distinguish themselves using the adjective māori, meaning "ordinary" or "indigenous." Although the term New Zealand native was common until about 1890, māori gradually shifted in use from being an adjective to a noun. According to the historian Rawiri Taonui, Māori also adopted the term Tangata Whenua ("people of the land"), referring to their iwi (tribes) and hapu (sub-groups), in order to distringuish themselves from non-Māori.
The first European explorers to circumnavigate New Zealand were Abel Tasman (1642-1643), James Cook (1769, 1773-1774), Jean-François de Surville (1769) and Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne (1772). The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans to the vicinity of New Zealand, with some settling. Whalers and sealers were often itinerant and the first real settlers were missionaries and traders in the Bay of Islands area from 1809. By 1830 there was a population of about 800 non-Māori, which included about 200 runaway convicts and seamen who often married into the Māori community.[citation needed] The seamen often lived in New Zealand for a short time before joining another ship a few months later. In 1839 there were 2,000 non-Māori, with the majority living in the North Island. Regular outbreaks of extreme violence, mainly between Māori hapu, known as the Musket Wars, resulted in the deaths of at least 20,000 Māori between 1819 and 1843. Violence against European shipping, cannibalism and the lack of established law and order made settling in New Zealand a risky prospect. By the late 1830s many Māori were nominally Christian and had freed many of the Māori slaves that had been captured during the Musket Wars. By this time, many Māori, especially in the north, could read and write Māori and, to a lesser extent, English.
European migration has resulted in a deep legacy being left on the social and political structures of New Zealand. Early visitors to New Zealand included whalers, sealers, missionaries, mariners, and merchants, attracted to natural resources in abundance.
New Zealand was temporarily administered from New South Wales from January 1840 until it became a separate Crown colony on 3 May 1841, with William Hobson serving its first governor. Some of the first permanent settlers were Australians. Some were escaped convicts, and others were ex-convicts that had completed their sentences. Smaller numbers came directly from Great Britain, Ireland, Germany (forming the next biggest immigrant group after the British and Irish), France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, The United States, and Canada.
In February 1840 representatives of the British Crown signed the Treaty of Waitangi with 240 Māori chiefs throughout New Zealand, motivated by plans for a French colony at Akaroa and land purchases by the New Zealand Company in 1839. British sovereignty was then proclaimed over New Zealand in May 1840. By May 1841, New Zealand had become a Crown colony. Since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, differences between the English and Māori versions of the text have fuelled debate in New Zealand society and politics over whether Māori tribes ceded sovereignty to the Crown. This has complicated Māori-Crown relations. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Māori lost much of their land to government confiscations during the New Zealand Wars and for public works purchases. Following the Second World War, Māori calls for the Government to honour the Treaty led to the establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal in 1975 to consider Treaty breaches and facilitate compensation to Māori for confiscated land and resources.
Following the formalising of sovereignty, organised and structured flow of migrants from Great Britain and Ireland began. Government-chartered ships like the clipper Gananoque and the Glentanner carried immigrants to New Zealand. Typically clipper ships left British ports such as London and travelled south through the central Atlantic to about 43 degrees south to pick up the strong westerly winds that carried the clippers well south of South Africa and Australia. Ships would then head north once in the vicinity of New Zealand. The Glentanner migrant ship of 610 tonnes made two runs to New Zealand and several to Australia carrying 400 tonne of passengers and cargo. Travel time was about 3 to 3+1⁄2 months to New Zealand. Cargo carried on the Glentanner for New Zealand included coal, slate, lead sheet, wine, beer, cart components, salt, soap and passengers' personal goods. On the 1857 passage the ship carried 163 official passengers, most of them government assisted. On the return trip the ship carried a wool cargo worth 45,000 pounds. In the 1860s discovery of gold started a gold rush in Otago. By 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The Otago Association actively recruited settlers from Scotland, creating a definite Scottish influence in that region, while the Canterbury Association recruited settlers from the south of England, creating a definite English influence over that region.
Hub AI
Immigration to New Zealand AI simulator
(@Immigration to New Zealand_simulator)
Immigration to New Zealand
Migration to New Zealand began only very recently in human history, with Polynesian settlement in New Zealand, previously uninhabited, about 1250 CE to 1280 CE. European migration provided a major influx, especially following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Subsequent immigrants have come chiefly from the British Isles, but also from continental Europe, the Pacific, the Americas and Asia.
Polynesians in the South Pacific were the first to discover the landmass of New Zealand. Eastern Polynesian explorers had settled in New Zealand by approximately the thirteenth century CE with most evidence pointing to an arrival date of about 1280. Their arrival gave rise to the Māori culture and the Māori language, both unique to New Zealand, although very closely related to analogues in other parts of Eastern Polynesia. Evidence from Wairau Bar and the Chatham Islands shows that the Polynesian colonists maintained many parts of their east Polynesian culture such as burial customs for at least 50 years. Especially strong resemblances link Māori to the languages and cultures of the Cook and Society Islands, which are regarded as the most likely places of origin. Moriori settled the Chatham Islands during the 15th century from mainland New Zealand. Contrary to Percy Smith's Great Fleet narrative, the Moriori were not an earlier Melanesian wave of immigrants who pre-dated the Māori people but were descended from the same Polynesian ancestors of the Māori.
Due to New Zealand's geographic isolation, several centuries passed before the next phase of settlement by the Europeans. It was only with the arrival of these new settlers that the original inhabitants began to distinguish themselves using the adjective māori, meaning "ordinary" or "indigenous." Although the term New Zealand native was common until about 1890, māori gradually shifted in use from being an adjective to a noun. According to the historian Rawiri Taonui, Māori also adopted the term Tangata Whenua ("people of the land"), referring to their iwi (tribes) and hapu (sub-groups), in order to distringuish themselves from non-Māori.
The first European explorers to circumnavigate New Zealand were Abel Tasman (1642-1643), James Cook (1769, 1773-1774), Jean-François de Surville (1769) and Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne (1772). The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans to the vicinity of New Zealand, with some settling. Whalers and sealers were often itinerant and the first real settlers were missionaries and traders in the Bay of Islands area from 1809. By 1830 there was a population of about 800 non-Māori, which included about 200 runaway convicts and seamen who often married into the Māori community.[citation needed] The seamen often lived in New Zealand for a short time before joining another ship a few months later. In 1839 there were 2,000 non-Māori, with the majority living in the North Island. Regular outbreaks of extreme violence, mainly between Māori hapu, known as the Musket Wars, resulted in the deaths of at least 20,000 Māori between 1819 and 1843. Violence against European shipping, cannibalism and the lack of established law and order made settling in New Zealand a risky prospect. By the late 1830s many Māori were nominally Christian and had freed many of the Māori slaves that had been captured during the Musket Wars. By this time, many Māori, especially in the north, could read and write Māori and, to a lesser extent, English.
European migration has resulted in a deep legacy being left on the social and political structures of New Zealand. Early visitors to New Zealand included whalers, sealers, missionaries, mariners, and merchants, attracted to natural resources in abundance.
New Zealand was temporarily administered from New South Wales from January 1840 until it became a separate Crown colony on 3 May 1841, with William Hobson serving its first governor. Some of the first permanent settlers were Australians. Some were escaped convicts, and others were ex-convicts that had completed their sentences. Smaller numbers came directly from Great Britain, Ireland, Germany (forming the next biggest immigrant group after the British and Irish), France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, The United States, and Canada.
In February 1840 representatives of the British Crown signed the Treaty of Waitangi with 240 Māori chiefs throughout New Zealand, motivated by plans for a French colony at Akaroa and land purchases by the New Zealand Company in 1839. British sovereignty was then proclaimed over New Zealand in May 1840. By May 1841, New Zealand had become a Crown colony. Since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, differences between the English and Māori versions of the text have fuelled debate in New Zealand society and politics over whether Māori tribes ceded sovereignty to the Crown. This has complicated Māori-Crown relations. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Māori lost much of their land to government confiscations during the New Zealand Wars and for public works purchases. Following the Second World War, Māori calls for the Government to honour the Treaty led to the establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal in 1975 to consider Treaty breaches and facilitate compensation to Māori for confiscated land and resources.
Following the formalising of sovereignty, organised and structured flow of migrants from Great Britain and Ireland began. Government-chartered ships like the clipper Gananoque and the Glentanner carried immigrants to New Zealand. Typically clipper ships left British ports such as London and travelled south through the central Atlantic to about 43 degrees south to pick up the strong westerly winds that carried the clippers well south of South Africa and Australia. Ships would then head north once in the vicinity of New Zealand. The Glentanner migrant ship of 610 tonnes made two runs to New Zealand and several to Australia carrying 400 tonne of passengers and cargo. Travel time was about 3 to 3+1⁄2 months to New Zealand. Cargo carried on the Glentanner for New Zealand included coal, slate, lead sheet, wine, beer, cart components, salt, soap and passengers' personal goods. On the 1857 passage the ship carried 163 official passengers, most of them government assisted. On the return trip the ship carried a wool cargo worth 45,000 pounds. In the 1860s discovery of gold started a gold rush in Otago. By 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The Otago Association actively recruited settlers from Scotland, creating a definite Scottish influence in that region, while the Canterbury Association recruited settlers from the south of England, creating a definite English influence over that region.