Intertrappean Beds

Intertrappean Beds
Intertrappean Beds
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Ypresian, 67.7–56 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Unit
Unit of	Deccan Traps
Overlies	Infratrappean Beds
Location
Coordinates	17°12′N 77°54′E / 17.2°N 77.9°E
Approximate paleocoordinates	28°00′S 59°00′E / 28.0°S 59.0°E
Region	Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
Country	India
	Intertrappean Beds (India)
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The Intertrappean Beds are a Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene geologic unit in India. These beds are found as interbeds between Deccan Traps layers, including the slightly older Lameta Formation. They consist a number of different subgroups and formations, and span the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.^[2]^[1]

Many mostly fragmentary fossils, especially of small vertebrates, are known from the formation.^[3] Indeterminate theropod and pterosaur remains have been recovered from the formation, as well as dinosaur eggs.^[4]^[5] The mammal genera Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, Bharattherium, Indoclemensia, Indotriconodon and Kharmerungulatum have been recovered from several localities.^[6] The Early Eocene-aged^[7] Bamanbor locality in Gujarat preserves articulated freshwater fish specimens.^[8]^[9] A rich plant flora is known from the formation.

Stratigraphy

Although often thought of as a contemporaneous unit that was formed in a single rapid eruption event, more studies that date the age of the volcanic beds indicate that the Deccan Traps did not erupt all at once. Instead, different portions appear to have erupted during different periods of time. This means that the Intertrappean Beds are best understood as a group of different volcanic-associate formations of varying ages.^[10]

Divisions

Kale et al (2020) divided the group into the following provinces:^[10]

Sahyadri Group or Western Province (age: Late Maastrichtian to Danian, ~67.5 to 62.5 mya)
Satpura Group or Central Province
Malwa Group (age: Late Maastrichtian, ~67.7 mya; likely the oldest group)
Amarkantak Group or Mandla Province (age: early Paleogene, ~64.5 mya - unknown)

Mittal et al (2021) divided the group into the following provinces:^[11]

Western Ghats-Central Indian Volcanic Province (WVP) (age: Late Maastrichtian to Danian)
Saurhastra-Kutchh Province (age: ?Maastrichtian^[10] to early Eocene^[12])
Malwa Plateau Province (age: Late Maastrichtian)
Mandla Lobe Province (age: early Paleogene)

Formations

Chemostratigraphic definition

Kale et al (2020) divided the group as follows. Subgroups/formations are classified based on oldest to youngest.^[10]

Wai Subgroup (youngest)
- Desur Formation
- Panhala Formation
- Mahabaleshwar Formation (~63.2 mya)
- Ambenali Formation
- Poladpur Formation
Lonavala Subgroup
- Bushe Formation
- Khandala Formation
Kalsubai Subgroup (oldest, ~67.5 mya)
- Bhimashankar Formation
- Thakurwadi Formation
- Neral Formation
- Igatpuri Formation
- Jawhar Formation

Lithostratigraphic definition

Kale et al (2020) divided the group as follows. Subgroups/formations are classified based on oldest to youngest.^[10]

Sahyadri Group:
- Bombay Subgroup (~62.5 mya)
  - Borivali Formation
  - Elephanta Formation
- Khandala Subgroup (~67.5 to 63.2 mya)
  - Mahabaleshwar Formation (~63.2 mya)
  - Purandargarh Formation
  - Diveghat Formation
  - Karla Formation
  - Indrayani Formation
- Kalsubai Subgroup (oldest: ~67.5 mya)
  - Upper Ratangarh Formation
  - Lower Ratangarh Formation
  - Salher Formation
Satpura Group:
- Karanja Formation (youngest)
- Buldhana Formation
- Chikli Formation
- Ajanta Formation
- Upper Ratangarh Formation
- Karanja Formation
- Buldana Formation
- Chikli Formation (oldest)
Malwa Group:
- Singarchori Formation (youngest)
- Bargonda Formation
- Indore Formation
- Kankaria-Pirukheri Formation
- Kalisindh Formation
- Mandleshwar Formation
- Gaganwara Formation (oldest)
Amarkantak Group:
- Kuleru Formation (youngest)
- Khamla/Kampla Formation
- Amarwara Formation
- Multai Formation
- Linga Formation
- Pipardehi Formation
- Dhuma Formation
- Mandla Formation (oldest, ~64.4 mya)

Within the newly defined Saurhastra Group (age: Paleocene to early Eocene), the following divisions were found by Patel & Shah (2023):^[12]

Ninama Basin:
- Ninama Limestone (youngest)
- Sukhbhadar Formation (oldest)
Chotila Basin:
- Bamanbor Formation (youngest)
- Chotila Chert
- Rangpar Formation (oldest)

Paleobiota

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Fish

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Anthracoperca	A. bhatiai	Naskal, Rangapur		Otolith.	A percoid otolith.
Apateodus	A. striatus	Asifabad^[13]			An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Ariidae	incertae sedis	Naskal, Rangapur, Anjar		Otolith.	An ariid catfish otolith.
?Belonostomus	B. indicus	Nagpur^[3]^[14]			An aspidorhynchid.
Coupatezia	C. sp	Asifabad^[13]			An eagle ray.
Cyprinidae	incertae sedis	Deothan-Kheri			A cyprinid.
Dapalis	D. erici	Rangapur		Otolith.	A serranid otolith.
"Eotrigonodon"	"E." wardhaensis	Asifabad^[13]			Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.^[15]
Enchodus	E. sp	Asifabad^[13]			An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Horaclupea	H. intertrappea	Bamanbor^[8]	Early Eocene^[12]^[7]	Complete skeleton.	A clupeid.
Igdabatis	I. indicus	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar^[16]^[17]			An eagle ray.
Indiaichthys	I. bamanborensis	Bamanbor^[9]	Early Eocene^[12]^[7]	Multiple complete skeletons.	A possible percoid.^[18]
"Indotrigonodon"	"I." ovatus	Asifabad^[13]			Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.^[15]
"Lepidotes"	"L." sp	Asifabad^[13]			A lepisosteiform.
Lepisosteus	L. indicus	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar^[16]^[17]			A gar.
Nandidae	incertae sedis	Deothan-Kheri			A nandid.
Osteoglossidae	incertae sedis	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar^[16]^[17]			An osteoglossid of uncertain affinities.
Palaeolabrus	P. dormaalensis	Asifabad^[13]			A palaeolabrid.
Palaeopristolepis	P. chiplonkari	Bamanbor^[8]	Early Eocene^[12]^[7]	Multiple partial skeletons.	A questionable leaffish.^[18]
Palaeopristolepis	P. feddeni	Bamanbor^[8]	Early Eocene^[12]^[7]	Multiple partial skeletons.	A questionable leaffish.^[18]
"Perca"	"P." angusta	Bamanbor^[8]	Early Eocene^[12]^[7]	Skull.	A possible percoid, classification very doubtful.^[18]
Percomorpha	incertae sedis	Bamanbor^[9]	Early Eocene^[12]^[7]	Partial skeleton.	A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Phareodus	P. sp.	Asifabad, Naskal & Marepalli^[13]			A bonytongue.
Polycanthidae	incertae sedis	Deothan-Kheri			A polycanthid.
"Pisdurodon"	"P." spatulatus	Asifabad^[13]			Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.^[15]
Pycnodontidae	incertae sedis	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar^[16]^[17]			A pycnodontid of uncertain affinities.
"Pycnodus"	"P." lametae	Asifabad^[13]			A pycnodontid.
Raja	R. sudhakari	Asifabad^[13]			A skate.
Rhombodus	R. sp.	Asifabad^[13]			A stingray.
Serranidae	incertae sedis	Deothan-Kheri			A serranid.
Siluriformes	incertae sedis	Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar^[16]^[17]			A catfish of uncertain affinities.
Sphenodus	S. sp.	Asifabad^[13]			A shark.
Stephanodus	S. lybicus	Asifabad & Marepalli^[13]			A pycnodontid.

Otolith-based taxa

Genus^[19]	Species	Location	Material	Notes
"Ambassidarum"	A. cappettai	Nagpur	Otolith	An ambassid otolith.
"Apogonidarum"	A. curvatus	Naskal, Rangapur	Otolith	A cardinalfish otolith.
"Blenniidarum"	B. sp	Rangapur	Otolith	A blenny otolith.
?"Centropomidarum"	C. takliensis	Nagpur	Otolith	A possible snook otolith.
"Clupeidarum"	C. valdiyai	Nagpur, Rangapur	Otolith	A clupeid otolith.
"Clupeidarum"	C. sahnii	Nagpur, Rangapur	Otolith	A clupeid otolith.
"Gonorhynchidarum"	G. rectangulus	Nagpur, Rangapur	Otolith	A gonorynchid otolith.
"Heterotidinarum"	H. heterotoides	Naskal	Otolith	An arapaimine otolith.
"Notopteridarum"	N. nolfi	Naskal, Rangapur, Cheemalagutta	Otolith	A notopterid otolith.
"Osteoglossidarum"	O. deccanensis	Naskal,	Otolith	An osteoglossid otolith.
"Osteoglossidarum"	O. intertrappus	Naskal,	Otolith	An osteoglossid otolith.
"Percoideorum"	P. citreum	Naskal, Nagpur, Rangapur	Otolith	Percoid otoliths.
	P. nagpurensis
	P. rangapurensis
?"Pristolepidinarum"	P. jaegeri	Nag	Otolith	A possible pristolepid otolith.
"Serranidarum"	S. sp.	Anjar	Otolith	A serranid otolith.

Amphibians

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Gobiatidae	incertae sedis	Naskal			A gobiatid frog.^[3]^[20]
"Hemisotidae"/"Leptodactylidae"	incertae sedis	Naskal			A frog of uncertain affinities.^[3]^[20]
Indobatrachus	I. pusillus	Worli Hill	Early Paleocene^[10]	Multiple complete skeletons^[21]	A frog of uncertain affinities.
Pelobatidae	incertae sedis	Nagpur			A pelobatid frog.^[3]
Ranoidea	incertae sedis	Naskal			A ranoid frog.^[3]^[20]
Costata	incertae sedis				A costatan frog^[20]
?Caudata	incertae sedis				A possible salamander.^[20]

Reptiles

Turtles

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Carteremys	C. leithii	Worli Hill	Early Paleocene^[10]	Carapace, plastron, skull and partial mandible	A turtle of uncertain affinities.
Sankuchemys	S. sethnai	Amboli Quarry^[22]		Skull^[22]	A bothremydid turtle.

Lepidosaurs

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Acrosphenodontia	Incertae sedis	Naskal^[23]		Dentary with teeth.^[23]	An indeterminate rhynchocephalian.
"Agama"	A. sp.	Rangapur			An indeterminate agamid lizard.
Anguidae	Incertae sedis	Naskal			An indeterminate anguid lizard.^[20]
?"Contogenys"	?"C." sp.	Nagpur			An indeterminate scincomorph lizard.^[20]
Deccansaurus	D. palaeoindicus	Kesavi^[24]	Maastrichtian/Early Paleocene	Jaws & several osteoderms.^[24]	A scincoid lizard.
?"Exostinus"	"E." estestai	Nagpur			An indeterminate xenosaurid lizard.^[20]
"Eumeces"	"E." sp.	Rangapur			An indeterminate scincid lizard.^[20]
Indophis	I. sahnii	Naskal^[25]		Over 160 vertebrae.^[25]	A nigerophiid snake.
"Litakis"	"L." sp.	Nagpur			An indeterminate lizard.
"Pristiguana"	"P." sp.	Nagpur			An indeterminate iguanid lizard.
Serpentes	Incertae sedis	Naskal^[25]		A trunk vertebra & left dentary.^[25]	A snake.
Serpentes^[20]	Incertae sedis				Possibly a primitive form,
Madtsoiidae^[20]	Incertae sedis			Three individuals.	Madsoid snakes.
cf. Indophis^[20]	cf. I. sahnii				Nigerophiidae snake.
Booidea^[20]	Incertae sedis				Possibly a Booid snake.

Crocodyliforms

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes
Crocodylidae	incertae sedis	Worli Hill^[3]^[26]	Teeth and dentary.	A crocodylid crocodyliform.
Dyrosauridae	incertae sedis	Kisalpuri^[27]	Partial mandible, frontal, and vertebrae	A dyrosaurid crocodyliform.
Crocodyliformes	incertae sedis	Naskal^[26]	Teeth.	Shows similarities to Hamadasuchus and perhaps Mahajangasuchus.

Dinosaurs

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes
?"Hypselosaurus"	"H." sp	Mohgaon Kalan^[3]		A titanosaurian sauropod.
Massospondylus^[28]	M. rawesi		Tooth	Previously thought to be Massospondylus now thought to have been an indeterminate Theropod.
Sauropoda	Incertae sedis	Asifabad, Ranipur, Anjar^[3]	Bones	Sauropod bones.

Oogenera

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Megaloolithus	baghensis	Kisalpuri^[16]		Eggshell fragments	A Titanosaur egg.
Subtiliolithus	kachhensis	Kisalpuri^[16]		Eggshell fragments	A Enantiornithine bird egg.

Pterosaurs

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Pterosauria	incertae sedis	Sirol-khal locality^[5]			An indeterminate dentulous pterosaur. May not be from the Maastrichtian.^[29]

Mammals

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes
Bharattherium	B. bonapartei	Kisalpuri	A fragmentary cheek-tooth.	A sudamericid mammal.
Deccanolestes	D. hislopi	Naskal microvertebrate site	Molars, calcanea, astralgi, humerus, ulna.	A eutherian mammal.
	D. robustus	Naskal microvertebrate site	"Dental material and an astragalus".	A eutherian mammal.
	D. narmadensis	Kisalpuri	"Isolated rear molar."	A eutherian mammal.
Indoclemensia	I. naskalensis	Naskal microvertebrate site^[1]	Right second Molar.	A eutherian mammal.
Indoclemensia	I. magnus	Naskal microvertebrate site^[1]	Left second Molar.	A eutherian mammal.
Indotriconodon	I. magnus	Kutch^[30]	Single lower Molar.	A eutriconodont mammal.
Kharmerungulatum	K. vanvaleni	Kisalpuri^[31]	Isolated right lower molar.	A eutherian mammal.
Sahnitherium	S. rangapurensis	Rangapur microvertebrate site^[32]	Upper Molar.	A eutherian mammal.

Arthropods

Genus	Species	Location	Time Period	Notes
?Buprestidae	Indeterminate	Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Jewel beetle.
Lomatus^[33]	L. hislopi	Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Jewel beetle.
?Curculionidae	Indeterminate	Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snout beetle.
Meristos	M. hunteri	Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snout beetle.
Ostracoda	Indeterminate	Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	An Ostracod.
Palaeotanymecides	P. hislopi	Maharashtra	Maastrichtian	A Snout beetle.

Mollusca

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Bamanboria	B. oblongis	Bamanbor	Early Eocene^[7]	Shells	A deccanoid freshwater mussel.^[7]
Chotilia	C. deccanensis	Bamanbor	Early Eocene^[7]	Shells	A deccanoid freshwater mussel.^[7]
	C. trappeansis
	C. tuberculata
Deccanoida	D. aleta	Bamanbor	Early Eocene^[7]	Shells	A deccanoid freshwater mussel.^[7]
	D. congruis
	D. costaria
Limnaea	sp.	Maharashtra	Maastrichtian		A snail.
Valvata	sp.	Maharashtra	Maastrichtian		A snail.
Paludina	sp.	Maharashtra	Maastrichtian		A snail.
Physa	P. prinsepii	Maharashtra	Maastrichtian		A snail.

Flora

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes
Connaroxylon	C. dimorphum	Dhagaon, Mandla district^[34]	Wood^[34]	Affinities with Connaraceae.
Euphorbiotheca	E. deccanensis			Fruit, member of Euphorbiaceae.^[35]
Hyphaeneocarpon				Fruit, member of palm tribe Borasseae.^[36]
Palmocarpon				Fruit, member of palm tribe Cocoseae.^[37]
Palmoxylon	P. dindoriensis			Wood, member of palm subfamily Coryphoideae.^[38]
Pantocarpon				Fruit, member of Torricelliaceae.^[39]
Phyllanthocarpon	P. singpurensis			Fruit, member of Phyllanthaceae.^[40]
Rhizopalamoxylon				Palm rhizome, close affinities to Nypa.^[41]
Pediastrum				Algae.^[42]
Lecaniella				Algae.^[42]
Pierceites	P. deccanensis			A Dinocyst.^[42]
Aulacoseira				A Diatom.^[42]
Azolla				Member of Salviniaceae.^[42]
Crybelosporites				Member of Marsileaceae.^[42]
Sparganiaceaepollenites				Pollen grains, Member of ^[42]Sparganiaceae/Typhaceae.
Marsilea				Member Marsileaceae.^[42]
Regnellidium				Member of Marsileaceae.^[42]
Nymphaeaceae indet.^[42]
Typhaceae indet.^[42]
Liliaceae indet.^[42]
Acanthaceae indet.^[42]
Pontederiaceae indet.^[42]
Ovoidites				Member of Zygnemataceae.^[42]
Gabonisporis				Pollen grains, member of Marsileaceae.^[42]

Footnotes

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^ Khosla, Ashu; Verma, Omkar; Kania, Sachin; Lucas, Spencer (2023). "Microbiota from the Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeocene Boundary Transition in the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India". Topics in Geobiology. 54. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28855-5. ISBN 978-3-031-28854-8. ISSN 0275-0120.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Sahni, Ashok (2014), "Vertebrate fauna from the Deccan volcanic province: Response to volcanic activity", Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects, Geological Society of America, doi:10.1130/2014.2505(09), ISBN 978-0-8137-2505-5, retrieved 2024-04-03
^ Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
^ ^a ^b Barrett, P.M; Edwards, N.P.; Milner, A.R.; Butler, R.J., "Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas." (PDF), Flugsaurier: Pterosaur Papers in Honour of Peter Wellnhofer. 2008. Hone, D.W.E., and Buffetaut, E. (Eds). Zitteliana B, 28. 264pp.
^ "MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Basal Eutheria Two, an internet directory". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Shah, Nishi H.; Patel, Satish J. (2024-12-01). "A new superfamily of freshwater mussels Deccanoidea nov. (Mollusca: Unionida) from an intertrappean deposit of Saurashtra province (Gujarat state, western India): An example of disjunct distribution". Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India. 69 (2): 121–146. doi:10.1177/05529360241269345. ISSN 0552-9360.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Borkar, V. D. (1973-10-01). "Fossil fishes from the Inter-trappean beds of Surendranagar District, Saurashtra". Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences. 78 (4): 181–193. doi:10.1007/BF03045500. ISSN 0370-0097.
^ ^a ^b ^c Arratia, G; López-Arbarello, A; Prasad, GVR; Parnar, V; Kriwet, J (2004), Arratia, G; Wilson, MVH; Cloutier, R (eds.), "Late Cretaceous-Paleocene percomorphs (Teleostei) from India - Early radiation of Perciformes", Recent advances in the origin and early radiation of vertebrates, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany, pp. 635–655, ISBN 978-3-89937-052-2, retrieved 2024-04-03
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Kale, Vivek S.; Dole, Gauri; Shandilya, Priyanka; Pande, Kanchan (2019-06-18). "Stratigraphy and correlations in Deccan Volcanic Province, India: Quo vadis?". GSA Bulletin. 132 (3–4): 588–607. doi:10.1130/B35018.1. ISSN 0016-7606.
^ Mittal, Tushar; Richards, Mark A.; Fendley, Isabel M. (2021). "The Magmatic Architecture of Continental Flood Basalts I: Observations From the Deccan Traps". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 126 (12) e2021JB021808. doi:10.1029/2021JB021808. ISSN 2169-9356.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Patel, Satish J.; Shah, Nishi H. (2023-09-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the Paleogene Deccan Intra-, Intertrappeans of the Saurashtra, Western India and their Prevalence in Large Igneous Provinces". Journal of the Geological Society of India. 99 (9): 1199–1210. doi:10.1007/s12594-023-2452-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Prasad, G. V. R. (1989-08-01). "Vertebrate Fauna from the Infra- and Inter-trappean Beds of Andhra Pradesh: Age Implications". Journal Geological Society of India. 34 (2): 161–173. Bibcode:1989JGSI...34..161P. doi:10.17491/jgsi/1989/340206. ISSN 0974-6889.
^ "Mineralienatlas - Fossilienatlas". www.mineralienatlas.de. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
^ ^a ^b ^c Verma, Omkar; Khosla, Ashu; Kaur, Jasdeep; Prashanth, M. (2017-02-17). "Myliobatid and pycnodont fish from the Late Cretaceous of Central India and their paleobiogeographic implications". Historical Biology. 29 (2): 253–265. Bibcode:2017HBio...29..253V. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1154954. ISSN 0891-2963.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Khosla, A.; Prasad, G. V. R.; Verma, O.; Jain, A. K.; Sahni, A. (2004-08-10). "Discovery of a micromammal-yielding Deccan intertrappean site near Kisalpuri, Dindori District, Madhya Pradesh" (PDF). Current Science. 87 (3): 380–383. ISSN 0011-3891.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lourembam, Ranjit Singh; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Grover, Pooja (2017). "Ichthyofauna (Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) from the Upper Cretaceous intertrappean beds of Piplanarayanwar, Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh, India". Island Arc. 26 (1). Bibcode:2017IsArc..26E2180L. doi:10.1111/iar.12180. ISSN 1038-4871.
^ ^a ^b ^c Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018". Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002. ISSN 1374-8505.
^ Nolf, Dirk; Rana, R. S.; Prasad, G. V. R. (2008). "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 78: 239–259.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Rage, Jean-Claude; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Verma, Omkar; Khosla, Ashu; Parmar, Varun (2020), Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Patnaik, Rajeev (eds.), "Anuran Lissamphibian and Squamate Reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Deccan Intertrappean Sites in Central India, with a Review of Lissamphibian and Squamate Diversity in the Northward Drifting Indian Plate", Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics: New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up–A Tribute to Ashok Sahni, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–121, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-49753-8
^ Noble, G. K. (1930-02-08). "The fossil frogs of the intertrappean beds of Bombay, India". American Museum Novitates (401): 1–13. hdl:2246/3061.
^ ^a ^b Gaffney, Eugene S. (2003). Sankuchemys, a new side-necked turtle (Pelomedusoides, Bothremydidae) from the late Cretaceous of India. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History.
^ ^a ^b Anantharaman, S.; DeMar, David G.; Sivakumar, R.; Dassarma, Dilip Chandra; Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (2022-06-30). "First rhynchocephalian (Reptilia, Lepidosauria) from the Cretaceous–Paleogene of India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (1). Bibcode:2022JVPal..42E8059A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2022.2118059. ISSN 0272-4634.
^ ^a ^b Yadav, Ravi; Bajpai, Sunil; Maurya, A.S.; Čerňanský, Andrej (June 2023). "The first potential cordyliform (Squamata, Scincoidea) from India (uppermost Cretaceous – lowermost Paleocene): an African lizard clade brings possible implications for Indo-Madagascar biogeographic links". Cretaceous Research. 150 105606. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15005606Y. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105606.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rage, Jean-Claude; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R. (November 1992). "New snakes from the late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Naskal, India". N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Abh. 187 (1): 83–97. doi:10.1127/njgpa/187/1992/83.
^ ^a ^b Prasad, Guntupalli V. R; de Lapparent de Broin, France (2002-01-01). "Late Cretaceous crocodile remains from Naskal (India): comparisons and biogeographic affinities". Annales de Paléontologie. 88 (1): 19–71. Bibcode:2002AnPal..88...19P. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(02)01036-4. ISSN 0753-3969.
^ Khosla, Ashu; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Verma, Omkar (2009-12-12). "Dyrosaurid remains from the Intertrappean Beds of India and the Late Cretaceous distribution of Dyrosauridae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1321–1326. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29.1321K. doi:10.1671/039.029.0416. ISSN 0272-4634.
^ Weishampel, David B. (1990). "Dinosaur distribution". In David B. Weishampel; Peter Dodson; Halszka Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 63–139. ISBN 978-0-520-06727-1.
^ Pentland, Adele H.; Poropat, Stephen F. (2023-07-01). "A review of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Gondwanan pterosaur record". Gondwana Research. 119: 341–383. Bibcode:2023GondR.119..341P. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2023.03.005. ISSN 1342-937X.
^ Bajpai, Sunil; Rautela, Abhay; Yadav, Ravi; Mantilla, Gregory P. Wilson (29 February 2024). "The first eutriconodontan mammal from the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 43 (4). doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2312234.
^ Prasad, G. V. R.; Verma, O.; Sahni, A.; Parmar, V.; Khosla, A. (2007-11-09). "A Cretaceous Hoofed Mammal from India". Science. 318 (5852): 937. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..937P. doi:10.1126/science.1149267. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17991854.
^ Rana, Rajendra S.; Wilson, Gregory P. (2003). "New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Intertrappean beds of Rangapur, India and paleobiogeographic framework". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48 (3): 331–348.
^ Bellamy, C. L. (2013). "Fossil Buprestidae". A Checklist of World Buprestoidea. Retrieved 7 Sep 2021.
^ ^a ^b Baas, Pieter; Manchester, Steven R.; Wheeler, Elisabeth A.; Srivastava, Rashmi (2017-02-13). "Fossil wood with dimorphic fibers from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India – the oldest fossil Connaraceae?". IAWA Journal. 38 (1): 124–133. doi:10.1163/22941932-20170162. ISSN 0928-1541. S2CID 91159009.
^ Reback, Rachel G.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Wurdack, Ken; Manchester, Steven R. (2022-02-01). "Fruits of Euphorbiaceae from the Late Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 183 (2): 128–138. doi:10.1086/717691. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 239507275.
^ Matsunaga, Kelly K S; Manchester, Steven R; Srivastava, Rashmi; Kapgate, Dashrath K; Smith, Selena Y (2019-06-21). "Fossil palm fruits from India indicate a Cretaceous origin of Arecaceae tribe Borasseae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 190 (3): 260–280. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boz019. ISSN 0024-4074.
^ Manchester, Steven R.; Bonde, Suresh D.; Nipunage, Dinesh S.; Srivatava, Rashmi; Mehrotra, Rakesh C.; Smith, Selena Y. (2016-07-19). "Trilocular Palm Fruits from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 177 (7): 633–641. doi:10.1086/687290. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 88667232.
^ Khan, Mahasin Ali; Roy, Kaustav; Hazra, Taposhi; Mahato, Sumana; Bera, Subir (2020-01-01). "A New Coryphoid Palm from the Maastrichtian-Danian Sediments of Madhya Pradesh and its Palaeoenvironmental Implications". Journal of the Geological Society of India. 95 (1): 75–83. Bibcode:2020JGSI...95...75K. doi:10.1007/s12594-020-1388-1. ISSN 0974-6889. S2CID 210134584.
^ Manchester, Steven R.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Patil, Sharadkumar P.; Ramteke, Deepak; Matsunaga, Kelly K.S.; Smith, Selena Y. (2019-10-23). "Morphology and Affinities of Pantocarpon Fruits (cf. Apiales: Torricelliaceae) from the Maastrichtian Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 181 (4): 443–451. doi:10.1086/706856. ISSN 1058-5893.
^ Kapgate, Dashrath; Manchester, Steven R.; Stuppy, Wolfgang (2017-06-01). "Oldest fruit of Phyllanthaceae from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Singpur, Madhya Pradesh, India" (PDF). Acta Palaeobotanica. 57 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1515/acpa-2017-0004. ISSN 2082-0259.
^ Kathal, P. K.; Srivastava, Rashmi; Mehrotra, R. C.; Alexander, P. O. (2017-03-29). "Rhizopalmoxylon nypoides – a new palm root from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India". Journal of Earth System Science. 126 (3): 35. Bibcode:2017JESS..126...35K. doi:10.1007/s12040-017-0815-1. ISSN 0973-774X.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Samant, Bandana; Puranik, Sumedha; Kapgate, D. K.; Mohabey, D. M.; Dhobale, Anup (2022-11-01). "Palynoflora from an Upper Cretaceous freshwater paleolake in central India: paleoecological implications". Cretaceous Research. 139 105302. Bibcode:2022CrRes.13905302S. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105302. ISSN 0195-6671.

References

Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

[:7-1] Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Renne, Paul R.; Samant, Bandana; Mohabey, Dhananjay M.; Dhobale, Anup; Tholt, Andrew J.; Tobin, Thomas S.; Widdowson, Mike; Anantharaman, S.; Dassarma, Dilip Chandra; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (2022-04-01). "New mammals from the Naskal intertrappean site and the age of India's earliest eutherians". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 591 110857. Bibcode:2022PPP...59110857W. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110857. ISSN 0031-0182.

[2] Khosla, Ashu; Verma, Omkar; Kania, Sachin; Lucas, Spencer (2023). "Microbiota from the Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeocene Boundary Transition in the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India". Topics in Geobiology. 54. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28855-5. ISBN 978-3-031-28854-8. ISSN 0275-0120.

[:16-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Sahni, Ashok (2014), "Vertebrate fauna from the Deccan volcanic province: Response to volcanic activity", Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects, Geological Society of America, doi:10.1130/2014.2505(09), ISBN 978-0-8137-2505-5, retrieved 2024-04-03

[dinosaurdistribution-4] Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.

[:4-5] Barrett, P.M; Edwards, N.P.; Milner, A.R.; Butler, R.J., "Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas." (PDF), Flugsaurier: Pterosaur Papers in Honour of Peter Wellnhofer. 2008. Hone, D.W.E., and Buffetaut, E. (Eds). Zitteliana B, 28. 264pp.

[6] "MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Basal Eutheria Two, an internet directory". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2008-05-04.

[:20-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Shah, Nishi H.; Patel, Satish J. (2024-12-01). "A new superfamily of freshwater mussels Deccanoidea nov. (Mollusca: Unionida) from an intertrappean deposit of Saurashtra province (Gujarat state, western India): An example of disjunct distribution". Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India. 69 (2): 121–146. doi:10.1177/05529360241269345. ISSN 0552-9360.

[:12-8] Borkar, V. D. (1973-10-01). "Fossil fishes from the Inter-trappean beds of Surendranagar District, Saurashtra". Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences. 78 (4): 181–193. doi:10.1007/BF03045500. ISSN 0370-0097.

[:13-9] Arratia, G; López-Arbarello, A; Prasad, GVR; Parnar, V; Kriwet, J (2004), Arratia, G; Wilson, MVH; Cloutier, R (eds.), "Late Cretaceous-Paleocene percomorphs (Teleostei) from India - Early radiation of Perciformes", Recent advances in the origin and early radiation of vertebrates, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany, pp. 635–655, ISBN 978-3-89937-052-2, retrieved 2024-04-03

[:18-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Kale, Vivek S.; Dole, Gauri; Shandilya, Priyanka; Pande, Kanchan (2019-06-18). "Stratigraphy and correlations in Deccan Volcanic Province, India: Quo vadis?". GSA Bulletin. 132 (3–4): 588–607. doi:10.1130/B35018.1. ISSN 0016-7606.

[11] Mittal, Tushar; Richards, Mark A.; Fendley, Isabel M. (2021). "The Magmatic Architecture of Continental Flood Basalts I: Observations From the Deccan Traps". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 126 (12) e2021JB021808. doi:10.1029/2021JB021808. ISSN 2169-9356.

[:19-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Patel, Satish J.; Shah, Nishi H. (2023-09-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the Paleogene Deccan Intra-, Intertrappeans of the Saurashtra, Western India and their Prevalence in Large Igneous Provinces". Journal of the Geological Society of India. 99 (9): 1199–1210. doi:10.1007/s12594-023-2452-4.

[:10-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Prasad, G. V. R. (1989-08-01). "Vertebrate Fauna from the Infra- and Inter-trappean Beds of Andhra Pradesh: Age Implications". Journal Geological Society of India. 34 (2): 161–173. Bibcode:1989JGSI...34..161P. doi:10.17491/jgsi/1989/340206. ISSN 0974-6889.

[14] "Mineralienatlas - Fossilienatlas". www.mineralienatlas.de. Retrieved 2024-03-07.

[:11-15] Verma, Omkar; Khosla, Ashu; Kaur, Jasdeep; Prashanth, M. (2017-02-17). "Myliobatid and pycnodont fish from the Late Cretaceous of Central India and their paleobiogeographic implications". Historical Biology. 29 (2): 253–265. Bibcode:2017HBio...29..253V. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1154954. ISSN 0891-2963.

[:5-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Khosla, A.; Prasad, G. V. R.; Verma, O.; Jain, A. K.; Sahni, A. (2004-08-10). "Discovery of a micromammal-yielding Deccan intertrappean site near Kisalpuri, Dindori District, Madhya Pradesh" (PDF). Current Science. 87 (3): 380–383. ISSN 0011-3891.

[:6-17] Lourembam, Ranjit Singh; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Grover, Pooja (2017). "Ichthyofauna (Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) from the Upper Cretaceous intertrappean beds of Piplanarayanwar, Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh, India". Island Arc. 26 (1). Bibcode:2017IsArc..26E2180L. doi:10.1111/iar.12180. ISSN 1038-4871.

[:14-18] Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018". Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002. ISSN 1374-8505.

[19] Nolf, Dirk; Rana, R. S.; Prasad, G. V. R. (2008). "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 78: 239–259.

[:15-20] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Rage, Jean-Claude; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Verma, Omkar; Khosla, Ashu; Parmar, Varun (2020), Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Patnaik, Rajeev (eds.), "Anuran Lissamphibian and Squamate Reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Deccan Intertrappean Sites in Central India, with a Review of Lissamphibian and Squamate Diversity in the Northward Drifting Indian Plate", Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics: New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up–A Tribute to Ashok Sahni, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–121, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-49753-8

[21] Noble, G. K. (1930-02-08). "The fossil frogs of the intertrappean beds of Bombay, India". American Museum Novitates (401): 1–13. hdl:2246/3061.

[:0-22] Gaffney, Eugene S. (2003). Sankuchemys, a new side-necked turtle (Pelomedusoides, Bothremydidae) from the late Cretaceous of India. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History.

[:8-23] Anantharaman, S.; DeMar, David G.; Sivakumar, R.; Dassarma, Dilip Chandra; Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (2022-06-30). "First rhynchocephalian (Reptilia, Lepidosauria) from the Cretaceous–Paleogene of India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (1). Bibcode:2022JVPal..42E8059A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2022.2118059. ISSN 0272-4634.

[:1-24] Yadav, Ravi; Bajpai, Sunil; Maurya, A.S.; Čerňanský, Andrej (June 2023). "The first potential cordyliform (Squamata, Scincoidea) from India (uppermost Cretaceous – lowermost Paleocene): an African lizard clade brings possible implications for Indo-Madagascar biogeographic links". Cretaceous Research. 150 105606. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15005606Y. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105606.

[:2-25] Rage, Jean-Claude; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R. (November 1992). "New snakes from the late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Naskal, India". N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Abh. 187 (1): 83–97. doi:10.1127/njgpa/187/1992/83.

[:17-26] Prasad, Guntupalli V. R; de Lapparent de Broin, France (2002-01-01). "Late Cretaceous crocodile remains from Naskal (India): comparisons and biogeographic affinities". Annales de Paléontologie. 88 (1): 19–71. Bibcode:2002AnPal..88...19P. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(02)01036-4. ISSN 0753-3969.

[27] Khosla, Ashu; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Verma, Omkar (2009-12-12). "Dyrosaurid remains from the Intertrappean Beds of India and the Late Cretaceous distribution of Dyrosauridae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1321–1326. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29.1321K. doi:10.1671/039.029.0416. ISSN 0272-4634.

[DBW90-28] Weishampel, David B. (1990). "Dinosaur distribution". In David B. Weishampel; Peter Dodson; Halszka Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 63–139. ISBN 978-0-520-06727-1.

[29] Pentland, Adele H.; Poropat, Stephen F. (2023-07-01). "A review of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Gondwanan pterosaur record". Gondwana Research. 119: 341–383. Bibcode:2023GondR.119..341P. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2023.03.005. ISSN 1342-937X.

[30] Bajpai, Sunil; Rautela, Abhay; Yadav, Ravi; Mantilla, Gregory P. Wilson (29 February 2024). "The first eutriconodontan mammal from the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 43 (4). doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2312234.

[31] Prasad, G. V. R.; Verma, O.; Sahni, A.; Parmar, V.; Khosla, A. (2007-11-09). "A Cretaceous Hoofed Mammal from India". Science. 318 (5852): 937. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..937P. doi:10.1126/science.1149267. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17991854.

[32] Rana, Rajendra S.; Wilson, Gregory P. (2003). "New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Intertrappean beds of Rangapur, India and paleobiogeographic framework". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48 (3): 331–348.

[33] Bellamy, C. L. (2013). "Fossil Buprestidae". A Checklist of World Buprestoidea. Retrieved 7 Sep 2021.

[:3-34] Baas, Pieter; Manchester, Steven R.; Wheeler, Elisabeth A.; Srivastava, Rashmi (2017-02-13). "Fossil wood with dimorphic fibers from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India – the oldest fossil Connaraceae?". IAWA Journal. 38 (1): 124–133. doi:10.1163/22941932-20170162. ISSN 0928-1541. S2CID 91159009.

[35] Reback, Rachel G.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Wurdack, Ken; Manchester, Steven R. (2022-02-01). "Fruits of Euphorbiaceae from the Late Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 183 (2): 128–138. doi:10.1086/717691. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 239507275.

[36] Matsunaga, Kelly K S; Manchester, Steven R; Srivastava, Rashmi; Kapgate, Dashrath K; Smith, Selena Y (2019-06-21). "Fossil palm fruits from India indicate a Cretaceous origin of Arecaceae tribe Borasseae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 190 (3): 260–280. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boz019. ISSN 0024-4074.

[37] Manchester, Steven R.; Bonde, Suresh D.; Nipunage, Dinesh S.; Srivatava, Rashmi; Mehrotra, Rakesh C.; Smith, Selena Y. (2016-07-19). "Trilocular Palm Fruits from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 177 (7): 633–641. doi:10.1086/687290. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 88667232.

[38] Khan, Mahasin Ali; Roy, Kaustav; Hazra, Taposhi; Mahato, Sumana; Bera, Subir (2020-01-01). "A New Coryphoid Palm from the Maastrichtian-Danian Sediments of Madhya Pradesh and its Palaeoenvironmental Implications". Journal of the Geological Society of India. 95 (1): 75–83. Bibcode:2020JGSI...95...75K. doi:10.1007/s12594-020-1388-1. ISSN 0974-6889. S2CID 210134584.

[39] Manchester, Steven R.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Patil, Sharadkumar P.; Ramteke, Deepak; Matsunaga, Kelly K.S.; Smith, Selena Y. (2019-10-23). "Morphology and Affinities of Pantocarpon Fruits (cf. Apiales: Torricelliaceae) from the Maastrichtian Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 181 (4): 443–451. doi:10.1086/706856. ISSN 1058-5893.

[40] Kapgate, Dashrath; Manchester, Steven R.; Stuppy, Wolfgang (2017-06-01). "Oldest fruit of Phyllanthaceae from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Singpur, Madhya Pradesh, India" (PDF). Acta Palaeobotanica. 57 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1515/acpa-2017-0004. ISSN 2082-0259.

[41] Kathal, P. K.; Srivastava, Rashmi; Mehrotra, R. C.; Alexander, P. O. (2017-03-29). "Rhizopalmoxylon nypoides – a new palm root from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India". Journal of Earth System Science. 126 (3): 35. Bibcode:2017JESS..126...35K. doi:10.1007/s12040-017-0815-1. ISSN 0973-774X.

[:9-42] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Samant, Bandana; Puranik, Sumedha; Kapgate, D. K.; Mohabey, D. M.; Dhobale, Anup (2022-11-01). "Palynoflora from an Upper Cretaceous freshwater paleolake in central India: paleoecological implications". Cretaceous Research. 139 105302. Bibcode:2022CrRes.13905302S. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105302. ISSN 0195-6671.

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