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Janet is a high-speed network for the UK research and education community provided by Jisc, a not-for-profit company set up to provide computing support for education.[2] It serves 18 million users and is the busiest National Research and Education Network in Europe by volume of data carried.[3] Previously, Janet was a private, UK-government funded organisation, which provided the JANET computer network and related collaborative services to UK research and education.

Key Information

All further- and higher-education organisations in the UK are connected to the Janet network, as are all the Research Councils; the majority of these sites are connected via 20 metropolitan area networks across the UK (though Janet refers to these as regions, emphasising that Janet connections are not just confined to a metropolitan area[4]). The network also carries traffic between schools within the UK, although many of the schools' networks maintain their own general Internet connectivity. The name was originally a contraction of Joint Academic NETwork but it is now known as Janet in its own right.

The network is linked to other European and worldwide NRENs through GÉANT and peers extensively with other ISPs at Internet Exchange Points in the UK.[5] Any other networks are reached via transit services from commercial ISPs using Janet's Peering Policy.[6]

The Janet network is operated by Jisc Services Limited, part of Jisc. Janet is also responsible for the .ac.uk domain. On 1 December 2012, Janet and Jisc Collections joined to form Jisc Collections and Janet Limited, as subsidiary organisations to Jisc. In March 2015,[7] Jisc Collections and Janet Limited was renamed to Jisc Services Limited. Jisc Services continues to operate under the brand name of Janet, with the same remit. Janet was previously known as the JNT Association, and prior to that, UKERNA (the United Kingdom Education and Research Networking Association).

History

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Early academic networks

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Further information: Packet switching, NPL network, and Internet in the United Kingdom § History

Janet developed out of academic networks built in Britain since the late 1960s. Planning for the first regional network, South West Universities Computer Network (SWUCN), centred on Bristol began in 1967 and work started in 1969.[8][9] A number of national computer facilities serving the Science Research Council (SRC) community developed in the early 1970s, each with their own star network (ULCC London, UMRCC Manchester, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory).[8] Other regional networks followed in the mid-late 1970s around Edinburgh (RCOnet), London (METROnet), the Midlands (MIDnet), and Newcastle (NUMAC - the Northern Universities Multiple Access Computer[10]) among others such as Yorkshire and the South East.[8] These groups of institutions pooled resources to provide better computing facilities than could be afforded individually. The star networks developed into distributed computer networks but each was based on one manufacturer's standards and were mutually incompatible and overlapping.[8][11][12]

JANET

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In the early 1980s a standardisation and interconnection effort started, hosted on an expansion of the SERCnet X.25 research network.[nb 1][13][14][15] The JANET effort was based on the Coloured Book protocols developed by the British academic community, which provided the first complete X.25 standard,[16][17] and gave the UK "several years lead over other countries".[18] The naming scheme, JANET NRS, established "UK" as the top-level domain. Later that year, the Internet's Domain Name System adopted British researchers' recommendation to use country code top-level domains. By then, the UK had a pre-existing national standard, which was retained as the .uk Internet country-code top level domain for the United Kingdom.[19][20][21]

JANET went live on 1 April 1984,[2] two years before the NSFNET initiated operations in the United States.[13] It hosted about 50 sites with line speeds of 9.6 kbit/s. In the mid-80s the backbone was upgraded to 2 Mbit/s, with 64 kbit/s access links. JANET connected to NSFNET in 1989.[22][23]

JIPS

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Planning began in January 1991 for the JANET Internet Protocol Service (JIPS).[18] It was set up as a pilot project in March 1991 to host Internet Protocol (IP) traffic on the existing network.[24] Within eight months the IP traffic had exceeded the levels of X.25 traffic, and the IP support became official in November.[8]

JANET became, primarily, a high-speed IP network. A further upgrade in the early 1990s took the backbone to 8 Mbit/s and the access links to 2 Mbit/s, making Janet the fastest X.25 network in the world at the time.

There had been some talk of moving Janet to OSI protocols in the 1990s, but changes in the networking world meant this never happened. The X.25 service was closed in August 1997.[25]

SuperJanet

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In order to address speed concerns, several hardware upgrades have been incorporated into the Janet system. In 1989 SuperJanet was proposed, to re-host JANET on a fibre optic network. Work started in late 1992, and by late 1993 the first 14 sites had migrated to the new 34 Mbit/s ATM system. SuperJanet also moved solely to IP.[26]

In 1995 SuperJanet2 started, adding 155 Mbit/s ATM backbones and a 10 Mbit/s SMDS network encompassing some of the original JANET nodes. JANET's mandate now included running metropolitan area networks centred on these sites.

SuperJanet3 created new 155 Mbit/s ATM nodes to fully connect all of the major sites at London, Bristol, Manchester and Leeds, with 34 Mbit/s links to smaller sites around the country.

In March 2001 SuperJanet4 was launched. The key challenges for SuperJanet4 were the need to increase network capacity and to strengthen the design and management of the JANET network to allow it to meet a similar increase in the size of its userbase.

SuperJanet4 saw the implementation of a 2.5 Gbit/s core backbone from which connections to regional network points of presence were made at speeds ranging between 155 Mbit/s to 2.5 Gbit/s depending upon the size of the regional network. In 2002 the core SuperJanet4 backbone was upgraded to 10 Gbit/s.

SuperJanet4 also saw an increase in the userbase of the JANET network, with the inclusion of the Further Education Community and the use of the SuperJanet4 backbone to interconnect schools' networks. The core point of presence (Backbone) sites in SuperJanet4 were Edinburgh, Glasgow, Warrington, Reading, Bristol, Portsmouth, London and Leeds.

In October 2006 the SuperJanet5 project was launched after £29 million of investment. It provides a 10 Gbit/s backbone, with an upgrade path to 40 Gbit/s over the next few years. The new backbone as a result of the SuperJanet5 project is a hybrid network offering, providing both a high speed IP transit service and private bandwidth channel services provisioned over a dedicated fibre network. It is designed not only to fully accommodate the requirements of the traditional JANET user base - all research institutes, universities and further education - but also to meet the needs of a new userbase in the UK's primary and secondary schools.

In April 2011 Verizon helped Janet upgrade 4 central locations to run at 100 Gbit/s bringing it to a national research and education network performance parity with Internet2 (which upgraded its backbone to 100 Gbit/s in October 2007). As of October 2011 they have over 18 million end-users.[27]

Janet6 started to go live in July 2013,[28] and was officially launched at an event at the London Film Museum on 26 November 2013.[29] At launch, Janet6 had an initial capacity of 2 Tbit/s.[30]

Regions

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Further information on the Aberdeen Metropolitan Area Network: AbMAN

The Janet network is implemented through 18 regions which connect universities, colleges and schools to the Janet network. Most regions are operated by Janet, although a few operate as independent entities working under contract.

Each regional network covers a specific geographical area. As of 2014 the following regional networks are connected to Janet:[4]

  • C&NLMAN – Cumbria and North Lancashire
  • East of England
  • East Midlands
  • KPSN Kent Public Services Network (under bespoke contract)
  • London
  • North West
  • North East
  • North East Scotland
  • Northern Ireland
  • PSBA Wales (under bespoke contract)
  • South
  • South East Scotland
  • South West
  • South West Scotland
  • Thames Valley
  • The Highlands and Islands (bespoke contract with University of the Highlands & Islands)
  • West Midlands
  • Yorkshire and Humberside

Notes

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See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

JANET

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from Grokipedia
''Janet'' is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and dancer known for her innovative, socially conscious recordings, groundbreaking music videos, elaborate stage shows, and enduring influence on pop and R&B music across four decades. Born Janet Damita Jo Jackson on May 16, 1966, in Gary, Indiana, she grew up as the youngest of nine children in the renowned Jackson family, with her early career shaped by the entertainment world surrounding her siblings' success as The Jackson 5. She began performing as a child in Las Vegas shows and transitioned to acting with recurring roles on television series including Good Times, Diff’rent Strokes, and Fame. Her music breakthrough arrived with the 1986 album Control, produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, which established her independent artistic identity and spawned major hits while selling millions worldwide. She achieved even greater success with Rhythm Nation 1814 in 1989, a socially themed concept album that produced a record-setting string of Top 5 singles and launched her first major tour. Subsequent releases such as janet. in 1993, The Velvet Rope in 1997, and All for You in 2001 continued her chart dominance, blending personal introspection, dance-pop, and cultural commentary. Janet has also pursued acting, appearing in films like Poetic Justice and several Tyler Perry projects, and her elaborate live performances have become renowned for their choreography and production values. Despite a highly publicized incident during the 2004 Super Bowl halftime show, she maintained her career trajectory, releasing further albums and earning induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2019 as a performer recognized for her groundbreaking contributions to popular music. She remains active as a performer, with recent Las Vegas residencies highlighting her ongoing presence in live entertainment.

Early life

Janet Damita Jo Jackson was born on May 16, 1966, in Gary, Indiana, the youngest of nine children born to Joseph and Katherine Jackson. She grew up in a musical family; her older siblings achieved fame as the Jackson 5 in the late 1960s and 1970s. From a young age, Janet performed in Las Vegas shows with her family. She later transitioned to acting, appearing in recurring roles on the television series Good Times (1977–1979), Diff’rent Strokes (1981–1984), and Fame (1984–1985).

Career

Janet Jackson began her professional career as a child actress, appearing in Las Vegas shows and securing recurring roles on television series such as Good Times (1977–1979), Diff'rent Strokes (1980–1984), and Fame (1984–1985). Her music career launched with her self-titled debut album in 1982, followed by Dream Street in 1984, but she achieved major success with her third album, Control (1986), produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. The album established her as an independent artist separate from her family, producing hits like "Nasty," "What Have You Done for Me Lately," and "When I Think of You," and selling over 10 million copies worldwide. Jackson reached greater heights with Rhythm Nation 1814 (1989), a socially conscious concept album addressing issues like racism, poverty, and violence. It produced seven top-five singles on the Billboard Hot 100, a record for a single album, and led to her first major world tour. The album sold over 12 million copies in the United States. Subsequent albums continued her success: janet. (1993) featured more sensual themes and hits like "That's the Way Love Goes," The Velvet Rope (1997) explored personal and social issues including depression and homosexuality, and All for You (2001) returned to upbeat dance-pop. She has released additional albums, including Damita Jo (2004), 20 Y.O. (2006), Discipline (2008), Unbreakable (2015), and Black Diamond (delayed). In acting, Jackson appeared in films such as Poetic Justice (1993) opposite Tupac Shakur, Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (2000), Why Did I Get Married? (2007), and For Colored Girls (2010), many directed by Tyler Perry. Her elaborate stage shows and music videos have been influential, known for innovative choreography and production. A highly publicized wardrobe malfunction during her 2004 Super Bowl halftime show performance with Justin Timberlake led to significant media attention but did not halt her career. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2019. Jackson has continued performing, including Las Vegas residencies.

Filmography

Selected credits

Janet Jackson began her acting career as a child, appearing in television sitcoms, before taking on select roles in feature films as an adult. Her mainstream acting credits include: Television
  • Good Times (1977–1979) – Penny Gordon Woods
  • Diff’rent Strokes (1980–1984) – Charlene DuPrey
  • Fame (1984–1985) – Cleo Hewitt
Feature films
  • Poetic Justice (1993) – Justice
  • Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (2000) – Professor Denise Gaines
  • Why Did I Get Married? (2007) – Patricia
  • Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010) – Patricia
  • For Colored Girls (2010) – Jo / Red
These represent key appearances; her acting work is secondary to her music career. Janet Jackson has maintained a relatively private personal life despite her public career. She was married to singer James DeBarge from 1984 to 1985; the marriage was annulled. Her second marriage was to dancer and songwriter René Elizondo Jr. from 1991 to 2000. Their divorce was finalized in 2000. Jackson married Qatari businessman Wissam Al Mana in 2012. They welcomed a son, Eissa Al Mana, on January 3, 2017. The couple separated in 2017. She has been in other relationships, including with singer Jermaine Dupri, but has generally avoided extensive public discussion of her personal affairs. Jackson has spoken about balancing her career with family life in interviews following her son's birth.
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