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John the Fearless
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John the Fearless
John I, called the Fearless (French: Jean sans Peur ; Dutch: Jan zonder Vrees; 28 May 1371 – 10 September 1419), was a scion of the French royal family who ruled the Burgundian State as the Duke of Burgundy from 1404 until his assassination in 1419. He played a key role in French national affairs during the early 15th century, particularly in his struggle to remove the mentally ill King Charles VI and during the Hundred Years' War against the Kingdom of England. A rash, ruthless and unscrupulous politician, John murdered Charles's brother, the Duke of Orléans, in an attempt to gain control of the government, which led to the eruption of the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War in the Kingdom of France and in turn culminated in his own assassination in 1419.
The involvement of Dauphin Charles, the heir to the French throne, in his assassination prompted John's son and successor Philip III the Good to seek an alliance with the English, thereby bringing the Hundred Years' War to its final phase.
John, like his father Philip the Bold before him, played an important role in the development of gunpowder artillery in European warfare, making extensive and successful use of it in his military campaigns.
John was born at the Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy in Dijon on 28 May 1371 to Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy and Margaret III, Countess of Flanders. His paternal grandfather was King John II of France, making John a prince du sang ("prince of the blood"). On the death of his maternal grandfather Count Louis II of Flanders in 1384, he received the County of Nevers.
In 1385, a double wedding for the Valois-Burgundian family took place in Cambrai.[citation needed] John married Margaret of Bavaria, daughter of Count of Holland and Duke of Bavaria Albert I, while at the same time his sister Margaret of Burgundy married Albert's son William in order to consolidate John's position in the Low Countries. The marriage took place after John cancelled his engagement to his first cousin, Catherine, a daughter of King Charles V of France, who was only a child at the time.[citation needed]
Before his accession to become the Duke of Burgundy, John was one of the principal leaders of the French forces sent to aid Sigismund, King of Hungary in his crusade against Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire. John led the French forces fought in the Battle of Nicopolis of 25 September 1396 against the Ottomans with such enthusiasm and bravery that he was given the cognomen Fearless (Sans-Peur). Despite his personal bravery, his impetuous leadership ended in disaster for the European expedition. He was captured and did not recover his liberty until the next year after an enormous ransom was paid.
John inherited the Duchy of Burgundy on 27 April 1404 upon the death of his father, Philip the Bold and the counties of Burgundy, Flanders and Artois on his mother's death on 16 March 1405. He almost immediately entered into open conflict with Louis I, Duke of Orléans, the younger brother of the increasingly disturbed King Charles VI of France. Both men attempted to fill the power vacuum left by the demented king.
John played a game of marriages by exchanging his daughter Margaret of Burgundy for Michelle of Valois, who would marry his heir, Philip the Good, Count of Charolais. For her part, Margaret was married to Dauphin Louis, Duke of Guyenne, the heir to the French throne from 1401 until his death in 1415. For all his concentration on aristocratic politics, John nonetheless did not overlook the importance of the middle class of merchants and tradesmen or the University of Paris.
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John the Fearless
John I, called the Fearless (French: Jean sans Peur ; Dutch: Jan zonder Vrees; 28 May 1371 – 10 September 1419), was a scion of the French royal family who ruled the Burgundian State as the Duke of Burgundy from 1404 until his assassination in 1419. He played a key role in French national affairs during the early 15th century, particularly in his struggle to remove the mentally ill King Charles VI and during the Hundred Years' War against the Kingdom of England. A rash, ruthless and unscrupulous politician, John murdered Charles's brother, the Duke of Orléans, in an attempt to gain control of the government, which led to the eruption of the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War in the Kingdom of France and in turn culminated in his own assassination in 1419.
The involvement of Dauphin Charles, the heir to the French throne, in his assassination prompted John's son and successor Philip III the Good to seek an alliance with the English, thereby bringing the Hundred Years' War to its final phase.
John, like his father Philip the Bold before him, played an important role in the development of gunpowder artillery in European warfare, making extensive and successful use of it in his military campaigns.
John was born at the Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy in Dijon on 28 May 1371 to Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy and Margaret III, Countess of Flanders. His paternal grandfather was King John II of France, making John a prince du sang ("prince of the blood"). On the death of his maternal grandfather Count Louis II of Flanders in 1384, he received the County of Nevers.
In 1385, a double wedding for the Valois-Burgundian family took place in Cambrai.[citation needed] John married Margaret of Bavaria, daughter of Count of Holland and Duke of Bavaria Albert I, while at the same time his sister Margaret of Burgundy married Albert's son William in order to consolidate John's position in the Low Countries. The marriage took place after John cancelled his engagement to his first cousin, Catherine, a daughter of King Charles V of France, who was only a child at the time.[citation needed]
Before his accession to become the Duke of Burgundy, John was one of the principal leaders of the French forces sent to aid Sigismund, King of Hungary in his crusade against Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire. John led the French forces fought in the Battle of Nicopolis of 25 September 1396 against the Ottomans with such enthusiasm and bravery that he was given the cognomen Fearless (Sans-Peur). Despite his personal bravery, his impetuous leadership ended in disaster for the European expedition. He was captured and did not recover his liberty until the next year after an enormous ransom was paid.
John inherited the Duchy of Burgundy on 27 April 1404 upon the death of his father, Philip the Bold and the counties of Burgundy, Flanders and Artois on his mother's death on 16 March 1405. He almost immediately entered into open conflict with Louis I, Duke of Orléans, the younger brother of the increasingly disturbed King Charles VI of France. Both men attempted to fill the power vacuum left by the demented king.
John played a game of marriages by exchanging his daughter Margaret of Burgundy for Michelle of Valois, who would marry his heir, Philip the Good, Count of Charolais. For her part, Margaret was married to Dauphin Louis, Duke of Guyenne, the heir to the French throne from 1401 until his death in 1415. For all his concentration on aristocratic politics, John nonetheless did not overlook the importance of the middle class of merchants and tradesmen or the University of Paris.
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