Kalingga (Javanese: Karajan Kalingga; Chinese: 訶陵; pinyin: Hēlíng; Middle Chinese: [hɑ.lɨŋ]) or She-po or She-bo (Chinese: 闍婆; pinyin: Shépó; Middle Chinese: [d͡ʑia.buɑ]) in Chinese sources, or Ho-ling in Arabic scriptures of Umayyad Caliphate era; was a 6th-century Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia.

It was the earliest Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Central Java, and together with Kutai and Tarumanagara are the oldest kingdoms in Indonesian history.

The archaeological findings and historical records from this period are scarce, and the exact location of kingdom's capital is unknown. It is thought to be somewhere between present-day Pekalongan or Jepara. A place named Keling is found along the northern coast of Jepara Regency, however some archaeological findings near Pekalongan and Batang Regencies show that Pekalongan was an ancient port, suggesting that Pekalongan might be an altered name of Pe-Kaling-an. Kalingga existed between the 6th and 7th centuries, and it was one of the earliest Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms established in Java. The historical record of this kingdom is scarce and vague, and comes mostly from Chinese sources and local traditions.^{[citation needed]}

The theory regarding contact between Caliph Mu'awiyah with Queen Shima of Kalingga has become a basis for further analysis about the history of Islam in the Minangkabau Conference in 2011 and an earlier conference about the History of Islam in Indonesia in 1963, which researches suggested that the earliest contact of Nusantara civilizations with Islam occurred in the 7th AD century between Arabian peoples with southeast Asia, contrary to most popular beliefs that Islam were brought to Nusantara, particularly to Java Island, by Indian merchants and preachers.

Azyumardi Azra, an Indonesian culture expert, accepted this Arab theory regarding the earliest contact of Islam in Java, although he also noted that the spread of Islam during the Queen Shima and Mu'awiyah era was not as vigorous as in the later era in 15th AD century. The denomination of Arab theory which introduced by Hamka were supported by researcher who linked the founding of Islamic tomb in Barus, Sumatra island which traced in 7th AD century, thus establishing the theory regarding the existence of trade route between Kalingga kingdom, Srivijaya empire, and Umayyad caliphate.

A Japanese scholar, Tatsuo Hoshino, argues that the Heling mentioned in the Chinese texts was probably two different kingdoms; the first one, which was previously identified with Kalingga or Ho-ling on Java, should be on the region from west of Chantaburi of Thailand, extending east to the Phú Quốc of Vietnam. Whereas another Heling Kingdom was probably in the present-day Xishuangbanna in the upper Mekong Valley, as mentioned in the biography of Wei Gao.

The Chinese sources come from China and date back to the Tang dynasty. In book 222 of the New history of the T’ang dynasty, it is stated that:

Ka-ling (訶陵) is also called Djava (阇婆), it is situated in the southern ocean, at the east of Sumatra and at the west of Bali. At its south it has the sea and towards the north lies Cambodia (真臘, Chenla).