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Koreans in China
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Koreans in China
Koreans in China include both ethnic Koreans with Chinese citizenship and foreign residents living in China such as South Koreans (Chinese: 在华韩国人·韩裔), North Koreans (Chinese: 在华朝鲜人·朝鲜裔), and other overseas Koreans. For this reason, ethnic Koreans with Chinese citizenship are termed Korean Chinese, Joseonjok, or Chosŏnjok (Korean: 조선족; Hancha: 朝鮮族), and their official name in China is Chaoxianzu (朝鲜族; Cháoxiǎnzú; 'Joseon ethnic group'). Korean Chinese are the 13th largest ethnic minority group in China. They form a diasporic community with cultural ties to the Korean Peninsula across generations, including among individuals who have never visited Korea.
Most native Korean Chinese live in Northeast China. Significant populations can also be found in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, with a sizable expatriate community in Shanghai and Shandong, across the Yellow Sea. According to the South Korean government, the combined population of Koreans with Chinese nationality, South Korean, and North Korean expatriates in China was 2,109,727 in 2023.
According to the Chinese government's 2020 Hukou census, the total population of ethnic Korean Chinese was 1,702,479 at that time. High levels of emigration to the Republic of Korea for better economic and work opportunities have contributed to a decrease in their residential numbers in China. Conversely, it is estimated that 42% (approximately 708,000) of these Korean Chinese individuals now reside in Korea while maintaining their Chinese nationality. Koreans in China are the largest or second-largest ethnic Korean population living outside of the Korean Peninsula, after Korean Americans.[citation needed]
Among the 56 ethnic groups recognized by the Chinese government, Koreans have the highest literacy and college enrollment rates and the lowest birth rate.
In South Korea, the terminology describing this demographic has evolved in recent years to adopt a more inclusive tone. Government regulations from 2004 prescribe the use of the terms "jaeoe dongpo" (Korean: 재외동포; Hanja: 在外同胞; lit. 'compatriots residing abroad') and "jungguk dongpo" (Korean: 중국동포; Hanja: 中國同胞; lit. 'compatriots in China'). The term "Jaejung Hanin" (Korean: 재중한인; Hanja: 在中韓人; lit. 'Koreans in China') is considered the most appropriate descriptor for Koreans in China without taking nationality into account.
Additionally, the term "joseon-jok" (Korean: 조선족; Hanja: 朝鮮族; lit. 'Joseon ethnicity') is often used to refer to Koreans in China who have Chinese nationality. This terminology parallels "Chaoxianzu," which is predominantly utilized in mainland China and stands as the official designation for this ethnic minority, as stipulated by the Chinese government.
Due to the geographic proximity between China and the Korean Peninsula, population migration has occurred frequently throughout history. However, most early ethnic Koreans in China were assimilated into Han Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol populations. Consequently, the vast majority of today's ethnic Koreans in China are descendants of those who arrived during or after the late Qing Dynasty.
After the conclusion of the Goguryeo–Tang War (CE 645 – 668), Tang forces relocated over 200,000 prisoners from Goguryeo to the Chinese capital, Chang'an. During the 8th and 9th centuries of the Silla period, Korean trading quarters involved in commerce with China existed along the coast of Shandong Peninsula and in commercial towns on the Grand Canal, specifically between the borders of Henan and Shandong and the lower Yangtze River. These Koreans imported exotic products that were already foreign to China back into Korea (Silla). Like other foreign traders, Koreans were restricted to designated quarters in cities such as Dengzhou, Yangzhou, and Lianshui in Huai'an (Chuzhou), with special interpreters and managers. However, Korean traders mostly avoided southern China.
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Koreans in China
Koreans in China include both ethnic Koreans with Chinese citizenship and foreign residents living in China such as South Koreans (Chinese: 在华韩国人·韩裔), North Koreans (Chinese: 在华朝鲜人·朝鲜裔), and other overseas Koreans. For this reason, ethnic Koreans with Chinese citizenship are termed Korean Chinese, Joseonjok, or Chosŏnjok (Korean: 조선족; Hancha: 朝鮮族), and their official name in China is Chaoxianzu (朝鲜族; Cháoxiǎnzú; 'Joseon ethnic group'). Korean Chinese are the 13th largest ethnic minority group in China. They form a diasporic community with cultural ties to the Korean Peninsula across generations, including among individuals who have never visited Korea.
Most native Korean Chinese live in Northeast China. Significant populations can also be found in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, with a sizable expatriate community in Shanghai and Shandong, across the Yellow Sea. According to the South Korean government, the combined population of Koreans with Chinese nationality, South Korean, and North Korean expatriates in China was 2,109,727 in 2023.
According to the Chinese government's 2020 Hukou census, the total population of ethnic Korean Chinese was 1,702,479 at that time. High levels of emigration to the Republic of Korea for better economic and work opportunities have contributed to a decrease in their residential numbers in China. Conversely, it is estimated that 42% (approximately 708,000) of these Korean Chinese individuals now reside in Korea while maintaining their Chinese nationality. Koreans in China are the largest or second-largest ethnic Korean population living outside of the Korean Peninsula, after Korean Americans.[citation needed]
Among the 56 ethnic groups recognized by the Chinese government, Koreans have the highest literacy and college enrollment rates and the lowest birth rate.
In South Korea, the terminology describing this demographic has evolved in recent years to adopt a more inclusive tone. Government regulations from 2004 prescribe the use of the terms "jaeoe dongpo" (Korean: 재외동포; Hanja: 在外同胞; lit. 'compatriots residing abroad') and "jungguk dongpo" (Korean: 중국동포; Hanja: 中國同胞; lit. 'compatriots in China'). The term "Jaejung Hanin" (Korean: 재중한인; Hanja: 在中韓人; lit. 'Koreans in China') is considered the most appropriate descriptor for Koreans in China without taking nationality into account.
Additionally, the term "joseon-jok" (Korean: 조선족; Hanja: 朝鮮族; lit. 'Joseon ethnicity') is often used to refer to Koreans in China who have Chinese nationality. This terminology parallels "Chaoxianzu," which is predominantly utilized in mainland China and stands as the official designation for this ethnic minority, as stipulated by the Chinese government.
Due to the geographic proximity between China and the Korean Peninsula, population migration has occurred frequently throughout history. However, most early ethnic Koreans in China were assimilated into Han Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol populations. Consequently, the vast majority of today's ethnic Koreans in China are descendants of those who arrived during or after the late Qing Dynasty.
After the conclusion of the Goguryeo–Tang War (CE 645 – 668), Tang forces relocated over 200,000 prisoners from Goguryeo to the Chinese capital, Chang'an. During the 8th and 9th centuries of the Silla period, Korean trading quarters involved in commerce with China existed along the coast of Shandong Peninsula and in commercial towns on the Grand Canal, specifically between the borders of Henan and Shandong and the lower Yangtze River. These Koreans imported exotic products that were already foreign to China back into Korea (Silla). Like other foreign traders, Koreans were restricted to designated quarters in cities such as Dengzhou, Yangzhou, and Lianshui in Huai'an (Chuzhou), with special interpreters and managers. However, Korean traders mostly avoided southern China.